you know even that they left things in a way that made african countries dependent on europe so europe could continue to exploit them. like that he's a little boy. that's why we say relations with african nations need to be honest and europeans and western countries still have a system in place when it comes down to about a bandaid on fair trading relations and unfair interference and political affairs. and that has to stop had to be. otherwise there can be no real working relationship between african and european nations are back with you or me or basically of what there are solid economic and political interests at stake you want to disturb that way. it's been you might be my know for you all because i have only the thing i still don't think the europeans would be the ones to do it because they've always benefited from this has happened and it has to be from us from the african assize. but for us to shake things out in there has to be a shift in our mindset what i call a mental revolution equal yet. you know after colonialism many people in these countries developed an unfair e.r.c.

europe today needs what fdr did in 1933, we need a new deal for europe. and unless we create an alliance across national borders, and across the standard party political divisions, we will fail. the only beneficiaries will be those who turn one proud people against the other, northern europeans against the southern europeans, the europeans against the africans, or the syrians. and, indeed, europeans against europeans. politics is very much about emotion as well as rationality and logic. when you put forward your proposition and to flesh out a little bit, you have talked about a new international monetary system that must be created, and international wealth fund. you've talked about an international digital currency they could ensure that your new fair world of finance would have its own sort of electronic currency. all of this, i would put you, doesn't get to the emotional heart of where politics is today. it is those people who are talking about the dangers of mass immigration, those who are talking about the need for secure borders — they're the peop

well in europe there's frontex. we're expecting orders from the agencies and if you're trying to stop the border crossing was there are various types of technology available for surveillance control and alarm this is one that while the capacity to solution is like a swiss army knife. you can choose the tools that meets your current need or it was a sin to keep the peace that have to have a little bit what the media. order management is a booming business with global annual market growth of seven percent. sales in the industry are due to exceed fifty billion dollars worldwide by two thousand and twenty two. one reason is increasing demand in the fight against irregular migration but nobody here is willing to discuss the topic with us airbus ryan mittal and industry groups decline or ignore our request for interviews. but we know their lobbyists are busy working behind the scenes thanks to the efforts of the arms industry's most important e.u. lobby organization the aerospace and defense industries association or. fiv

from africa to europe hundreds of thousands have tried to flee. but recently the number of arriving migrants has dropped. the e.u. has cut deals with african governments curbing mass migration in return for eight. years development. the e.u. is widening its reach beyond the mediterranean into africa and it hasn't shied away from bringing long shunned dictators out of isolation. being sealed. so while we criminalize and. it's a lucrative new market for the arms and security industry. secure thousands of kilometers of border in libya and egypt without foot patrols technologies exist someone just needs to pay for them. the e.u. has allocated more than eight billion euros to stem the tide of migration. today more migrants are dying in the desert than in the mediterranean. but. what impact does the. our investigation begins. we're headed towards libya from. once the main trade route for caravans it remains an economic lifeline. merchants transport goods from. and subsaharan countries all the way to libya on the mediterranean. in recent years this road

if there are fires somewhere in europe, there are fires everywhere in europe. this summer, we didn't just have the fires, pictures we saw, but the polish firefighters who .elped out in sweden back to migration. we are putting forward a proposal to strengthen the european border and coasts. all borders must be protected more efficiently. we're proposing that the number of border agencies, by 2020, 10,000.about we are making a proposal to extend the european refugee agency. they need support when it comes androcessing asylum applications in line with the geneva convention, when making a proposal for the return of illegal migrants. i repeat my wish and parliament, to open legall routes for migration into europe . we need qualified migrants. -- has been on the table for quite some time, so at least implement them. president, ladies and gentlemen, i'd like to talk about the future as well and therefore must speak of africa, europe's twin continent. by 2050, africa's population will number 2.5 billion. one in four people on earth will be african. we need to invest mo

in government we're going to get to the migration part obviously because it's a huge topic dividing europe literally but i think. they also many other domestic policy when they're threatening sanctions against hungary's that they don't like or they think and democratic do you think congress voting rights in the could be suspended and if yes then what can we do in return no surely not it cannot be taken away because it requires a unanimous decision and poland has already expressed that they would veto all kinds of decisions like that as there is an article seven procedure going on against poland as well and they made it very clear that we are going to veto all kinds of sanctions against poland and the prime minister czech republic made it very clear that he's standing besides our prime minister so definitely such a political intention will be unsuccessful. up in union to take away voting rights but you know this report contains the sixty nine points sixty nine accuse a sions against hungary out of each for thirteen has already been the result between the government and the european commissi

for nearly 70 years, nato's help to preserve peace and stability in europe. this has provided the foundation for unprecedented prosperity. for all nato allies, including the united states. europe and north america together present path of the world's economic output. and while we now see some disagreement that the tariffs, it does not change the fact that europe and north america are each other's biggest trading partners. so peace and stability in europe are the foundation for continued prosperity on both sides. second, we share fundamental values to protect and defend together. democracy, individual liberty and the value of law. they are the foundations of our free societies. but they are also the foundations or engagement with the rest of the world. these values are not meant for other countries in need them to join our alliance. after the berlin wall came down, countries and the baltic states all joined with nato and more countries aspire to join and many have already followed. ... >> america's allies also have capable aircraft to enhance the defense and a

, the something of a comfortable victory for europe -- in the end. victory for europe -- in the end. is that how you had it? that how you had it? that europe had coming into the final day. final day. have had it wrapped up around some of those made matches today. of those made matches today. get bread on the leaderboard and they did that. they did that. slipped to defeat in the first one as he led europe out. as he led europe out. reached the total to win the ryder cup. here is the story from today. strongest american teams coming to europe's backyard. europe's backyard. impressive ryder cup performances you'll see. you'll see. famines are beaten by an american team dreaming of drama. team dreaming of drama. jon rahm had other ideas. other ideas. he beat tiger woods, pumped up. pumped up. against dustinjohnson, or am one in the world. but this is ian poulter. that tierney number one in the world. world. this is the ryder cup and you know the west. the curtain go! macaque francesco molinari go. he had already won four points and he found the drink. he found the drink. man to ensure th

europe is here to stay. but for europe to become what it must, there are several lessons to be learned. europe can no longer be a spectator or a commentator of international events. europe must be an active player and must become an architect of tomorrow's world. there is a strong demand for europe throughout the world. and to meet such high demand europe will have to speak with one voice only -- on the world stage. voicest nations, europe's must be heard clearly. made europe's diplomacy more coherent. it is more coherent than it has ever been. let us not slide back into the incoherence of competing and herald national bank lummis sees. diplomacies.s -- from now on in, i would like us to make more efforts to bring together the east and west of europe. it is time we put an end to the spectacle of a divided europe. our continent and those who brought an end to the cold war deserved better -- deserve better. i would like the european union to take better care of its social dimension too. those who ignore the le

she says, i believe the soul of europe is humanity and if we want to retain this soul, then europe can't simply decouple itself on the need and the suffering of others. and those remarks, i suspect, suffering of others. and those remarks, isuspect, were suffering of others. and those remarks, i suspect, were pointed directly at you and your policies. you catch your determination to end the immigration and get rid of the illegal immigrants in your country as something that will solve italy's crime problem, solve many of italy's economic problems but i put it to you that many people believe that you that many people believe that you are also motivated by a form of racism. racism and which is perhaps best expressed by your desire to get rid of the roma in italy who are not formal italian citizens. you have called for a new census of all the roma. you said, unfortunately, we will have to keep the italian roma because we can't expel them but the rest must go. but you know what this is reminiscent of? you know what this reminds many europeans of? it reminds many europeans of? it reminds them o

after this morning's balls, where europe won three out of the four matches taking place, europe now hold an 8—4 lead over the united states. 0ur sports reporter john watson is there. a great performance from europe and those four balls this morning, plenty more golf being played this afternoon in the foursomes, four—man which sees each player take alternate shots with the same ball as part of their team. there foursome format is one that europe dominated in yesterday. they managed that clean sweep winning all four of their matches. the first time that europe had managed to do that in ryder cup history, setting a platform for this big margin they currently have. as things stand, they are up in to europe, down into of those four matches. as things stand, midway through their respective rows, europe could be looking at what would be a 10—6 advantage, heading into those final singles matches to come tomorrow. the all—importa nt singles matches to come tomorrow. the all—important figure is 14.5 points, seeing them free gain the ryder cup trophy which is currently in american hands.

and europe trying to. get. reelection in print. very is profoundly different and this is why i think the next months will be important to settle for two to four movies deservedly ok so let's talk a little bit about italy europe relations with russia because he were up and russia have separate relations i mean they're much more tied historically and economically than pressure in america because russia america is more strategic partnership more than anything else so. practically all the political forces in italy that you know i have come across. they are for close cooperation with moscow i don't know any italian politician whether it's from conservative or democratic or the alternative parties that would say we need to make war with russia all of them are saying we need to cooperate with moscow that's the only way but then when it comes to lifting the sanctions the only thing italy can do is just you know vote against it automatic extension of sanctions why do you think rome can't be. stronger and saying maybe we should get rid of th

europe will recover as well. anna: let me ask you about your long-term view on the dollar. what it means very long-term, the use of the dollar as a reserve currency, the eu are trying to circumvent the dollar market. is going to take a long time to get there. it has signaling potential for markets, doesn't it? >> i think this is a really long-term story. it is nothing you can trade-off over the next few weeks or the next couple of months. it will be something to keep in mind. ultimately, the u.s. dollar makes about 63% of global ethics reserve. that dollars being used way too much in transactions. even more in trade. most commodities are priced in dollar. it is only a few percent of eu actual trade. therefore europe has a real incentive to try using other currencies to exchange commodities. the fact they signed a deal with china and russia -- you have russia, the eu, and china all agreeing they want to try doing something to move away from the dollar, to move around u.s. sanctions. this is a significant step long

it is all set up in europe's favour. the crowd here are certainly back in europe. the partisan crowd with the players and the atmosphere, it is certainly benefiting europe. the united states are benefiting europe. the united states a re really benefiting europe. the united states are really struggling. they are up against it. you wonder what they can do to try and turn things around. we know they haven't won and european soil in 25 years. they do have the likes of tiger woods in their ranks who of course won his first tournament in five years but he seems to have struggled. he so often doesin seems to have struggled. he so often does in this team format at the ryder cup. europe looking to extend their winning run on home soil to six tournaments, should they be able to hold on in three of the format of this morning heading into this afternoon's four matches to come as well, they will be sitting pretty on the leaderboard well, they will be sitting pretty on the leaderboa rd tonight. well, they will be sitting pretty on the leaderboard tonight. that would certainly se

allies in europe hold 28 american operating bases across europe. these bases in europe are not only for europe. they enable the u.s. to project wider middlethe east and accor for -- africa. example, the u.s.-africa command is based not in africa but in germany. operates fleet which from the baltic sea to enter the cap is headquartered in naples, italy. if u.s. troops are wounded in iraq or afghanistan, they are flown to quit treatment in germany. thinking about the value of what i am reminded of secretary mattis once told me. that never in his entire career had he fought a war without nato allies at his side. u.s. never has to fight alone. week, we marked the anniversary of the 9/11 attacks on the united states. attacks, nato invoked our collective defense clause for the first and only time. , hundreds of thousands of european and canadian soldiers have fought alongside the united states in afghanistan. 1000 have paid the ultimate price. , nato allies continue to stand with the united states. not only in afghanistan but also in the global coalition

hello and welcome to the show i am sam is a than well it's an issue that has divided europe for years on documented why gratian almost two million people have risked their lives crossing the mediterranean sea since two thousand and fourteen this movement towards europe continues to take a devastating toll on human life thousands died during their desperate journey several policies on border control restrictions have seen a decrease in the number of refugees and migrants but members of the european union still can't agree on what to do with them laura birdman lee looks at a polarizing subject within the e.u. common ground can be found. ten thousand more troops that's the number of border guards the european commission is calling on to tackle illegal immigration into europe and issues that divide it even members bringing tensions to boiling point they'll even look on full schlock just because of tuition external borders must be protected more effectively so we're proposing that the number of border guards financed by the european budget. in two thousand and twenty to reach ten thousand

times the size of europe so europe should focus on africa. and who can help europe never china so europe is going to work with china instead of opposing china because america because of china if you don't mind we're going to go through all three of those adams step by step but we'll start with trump. you mentioned w t o he wants to pull america out of the w here he was skeptical of their concessions from the very beginning when he became president if that actually happens if america is out of there we're going to zation what would that mean for w t o and for the global economy here actually are some good news for you. the good news is the rest of the world won't carry on with w t o with or without the united states and just a few days ago i had a conversation with mr pascal lamy the former head of the word biggio for many years and he said kishore the wu can carry on without the united states and the unitas is surprisingly will pay a price if it leaves the deputy oh so this is where i think the united states should think very carefully becaus

countries as well, will become closer to europe. francine: is this europe reforming itself, or is this politicians around the world making the case for the benefits of being in the eu? paolo: no, you see, the point for me is that by a choice of national government, we have built a europe which is not politically attractive. i was asking the other day to a friend of mine, tell me who was the predecessor of mr. juncker? i don't remember. he has been the president of europe for 10 years. i don't remember. mr. -- gone, forgotten. why everyone us remembers mr. blair, i don't know, so what does it mean that we have built a europe which was not popular to the people? was a kind of technocratic mechanism. francine: power. paolo: where? they manage a lot of money. they can fine countries, rules, so maybe power, yes, but not a europe which speaks to the people. francine: does that mean you will either have a more integrated europe, or it will break apart? paolo: no, i don't think it will break apart. every day we have examples of what happens

so it is getting very tense in europe. the idea of throwing a lifeline to theresa may might sound appealing, because it would avoid another hardliner in europe, which is not something anybody wants. that is interesting. do you sense a similar shift? i think theresa may's scenario points to the fact that there are no strong european governments, they are all facing their own crisis at home. in germany, angela merkel is facing the election in bavaria where her partner in crime, as it were, the csu head, fighting for his survival, and so forth. which means that brexit is not agenda number one issue in germany, because they have domestic problems to solve. they are somewhat fatigued of hearing about brexit, nothing is solved until everything is solved is the mantra, which means you can wait until the end of the year. many people here are fatigued, too! and one thing that annalisa said about theresa may is quite true, germany also wants to make quite sure what the deal at the end does not mean a coup against theresa may, german

and it played an important role in europe. powerful and playing an important part in europe. with the greatest respect, that was in the 80s and 90s, here we are in 2018, yes you are in power at a minority government with an uncertain future, my question to you is that you change the trajectory for centre—left social democratic politics? because in most of europe, these parties, like yours, are in disastrous shape. i wouldn't say disaster, but bad. look, social democracy was a 40% party, 40% of the vote everywhere, everywhere. and now we are a party of 20% of the vote, everywhere. for sure, this is not going to be changed overnight. but portugal and spain can represent the renewals of social democracy. i think it is an opportunity. here is an interesting comment from an analyst who has been consulting for the spd, the social democratic party in germany, michael broening, he says "social democratic parties in europe have forgotten how to mobilise." we see the far right mobilising, we even see the out and out left represented by people likejeremy corbyn in the uk, mobilising.

the whole of europe is a magnet? the whole of europe is a magnet for african youth. go to senegal, look at the tv, that is the magnet. they don't need anything more than that. when your rival, mr quesada says this, he says it's fundamentally not for spain to absorb these people looking for a better life in europe. we have to say no even if it is not politically correct to do so. what is your response? we make a clear distinction between asylu m we make a clear distinction between asylum seekers and migrants who don't have the right to a silent. we have to make a clear and quick distinction among them and we have to send back to people who don't deserve asylum. people have to understand that with our demographic, we need migrants, but we need migrants in a regular and organised way. i wonder whether you listen to the voices, i picked this up listen to the voices, i picked this up from the spanish press the other day, one typical voice from the south of your country, from a place close to a detention centre, it is a 34—year—old hilda, a construction worker said thi

political europe is one thing but i don't think corporate europe, i think they would bad straits with the iranians than the americans. they will respect whatever the political leadership in europe wants. deale all going to have to with it. i think particularly outside of europe, the emerging markets, the biggest customers of neuron -- of iran, they have any creasing the expensive dollar. they need to use it to pay for oil as well. thing butrope is one the impact on ian countries is significant. >> even if there is a structure that is politically possible to make payments away from the dollar network, maybe corporate won't jump on that. that's an interesting line. prices moreoil broadly, it's having an impact on other assets. crude oil pushing operates. we been talking a lot about rates in the u.s.. 10 year yields over 3%. oil seems to be one of the things driving that. sanctions benian imposed without much outward pressure on oil? bob: i think saudi and russia can make up some of the deficit. if they want to. can we see $100 a barrel? for sure. it's around number. -- it's a round numb

army to beef up a defense for europe outside of the nato umbrella that already exist. michele what do you think is going to be at the very top of max was saying it's it's going to be migration but not the euro zone reform that mccrone has been pushing something that he certainly is very interested in ok we're going to wait on that question there approaching the microphones you will be getting some translation here let's go to the press conference that. i'm a. little. they don't want you to look great no matter. on. a minute. if anything so thank you very much for being here with us today. and. i am very happy that we can meet you here today in this beautiful city of must say. you know i believe that the mayor will confirm this in a minute that this city is very proud to welcome you here today. we just had a football match a couple of hours ago and in. a couple of weeks at the most eighteen we're also fight another championship and we are here today to prepare the future as we of course have and then the summer break with many busy top weeks ahead and we just we will pr

a meeting on europe's most dangerous. what began as a documentary on the budgets my parents sacrificed everything for me i can't go back and handed. became a story about those seeking. and those to help. when paul gmo over the city from cameroon churlish starts october fourth on t w e.

which sticks to its christian heritage so number one we don't want europe to get rid of the christian heritage and we want the member states to stay as member states we don't want you know give up our nationality we don't want to give up our culture of we don't want to give up our heritage and so on and so forth so this is a big clash between those who want to see european union as post christian as post national and us who want to see europe as a christian continent based on strong member states european commission's undertaking legal action against hungary for its law targets those who help asylum seekers do you think this goes to all the way to the european court of justice could could actually hunger again then scrap the law look the thing is the following we are a country we are a state and the state does have an obligation to protect its citizens by protecting its own national border and if there is an organization which helps other people while late the border of that even a country that is again the interest of the national interest of security so it must have a consequence so

after this morning's fourballs, where europe won 3 out of the 4 matches taking place, europe now hold a 8 points to 4 lead over the united states. our sports reporter john watson is there. it talk about that lead. it means that europe only need six and a half more points which would see them win back the ryder cup but we know what makes this competition so special. it is the vibrant and loud and boisterous atmosphere created by the crowds who turn out to watch. the benefits of playing on home soil is being felt by the players because they are currently leading into macro of the four foursome matches this afternoon. that format is where each member of the team takes alternate shots with the same balls. but speculate if europe and get another couple of points on the board, that would set them up well heading into the final singles matches tomorrow. all 12 members of each team, team usa and steam europe, will play tomorrow. if they can acquire the requisite points needed europe would win back the ryder cup. it is in american possession at the moment. they haven't won on european soil in

you'll have believing from those countries so right now the way things are looking is that europe is divided into have so there's a bloc hungary italy austria. yes against movement which is the euro skeptic alliance and trying to hoping to have an impact in the elections would hungary support such a project well you know since there are european people and european citizens to vote on the e.u. elections i think we should leave it to do europeans number one number two we are part of the biggest european party family european peoples party and strongest on the most successful party of the european peoples party so we hope that our party family will be successful and the hope that we can change the general attitude of the european people's party which is now well migration by migration attitudes and so present and you're a prime minister obviously get along very well present and meyerson greatly do you think this simplicity could actually be a real help in some way for hungary or is it just ideological liking while you know under the democrat administration under president obama we suff

same culture and same heritage and same religion if they come to europe. this is not the same situation that's what he said so and i agree with him that we have to help them in order to keep their people keep their labor force to have them to be able to develop their economy. that's why i made an agreement with the german minister of development that they find the investments together in africa in order to make life of people better there but there's one very important principle which we always want to apply when it comes to funding of african countries for example and this is condition the levy so we have to stick these funds to conditionality meaning that we have to require we have to demand that these countries which are finance must carry out those reforms be it legal be comic be political democracy which you know kind of bridge to leave those reasons why people have been leaving from those countries so right now the way things are looking is that divide and to have there's a bloc hungary italy austria. yes against the rest of the you and you guys are

as things stand, looking good for europe. looking good for europe. them past that important target of 14. 5 points. thanks very much for now. women in a kent village. early yesterday morning. magistrates tomorrow — was known to his victims. died from stab wounds. where a 44—year—old woman was pronounced dead at the scene. on suspicion of murder. who may have captured dashcam footage in the area to come forward. maker tesla to avoid a possible prosecution for fraud in america. will each pay a 20 million dollar fine. media as our business correspondent joe miller explains. breaks 1,000 kilometres... of his own tweets. company's share price. america's stock market regulator, the sec, took a dim view. innovator provide an exemption from the federal securities laws. fine but, crucially, remain as chief executive. but the firm's financial problems are more immediate. to turn an annual profit. to expand their own electrical cars in the future. plans, as have investors. run out of patience. joe miller, bbc news. the headlines on bbc news... to unite behind her. have died because of the

onions imported from europe have to store the market. to protect farmers like these cameroon would have to raise import duties even more but it can't because the new free trade agreement with the e.u. called e.p.a. prohibits that. so i think you could go a long rope on the infield stretched from here down to the river and over that. but then we stopped being able to sell all of them because of the huge number of imports on the move all that's why we had to stop growing them. so perhaps the local not eat there. onions are a staple here the african country consumes hundreds of thousands of tons a year until now they were all grown domestically. just as they do every day the women in the co-operative prepare dinner. i think for now they still have their own onions. produce that not only feeds them in their families but also helps them survive. but that the good i'm happy to have. fifty kilometers south of the markets in your own day is growing harder and harder to find onions grown domestically every morning trucks arrive here filled with o

francine: is europe reforming itself? or are politicians around the world making the case, the benefits for being in the eu? paolo: you see, the point for me is that by choice of national government, we are building europe, which is not politically attractive. i was asking the other day, to a friend of mine, tell me, who was the predecessor to mr. juncker. i don't remember. he has been the president of europe for 10 years. i don't remember. gone, forgotten. while everyone remembers mr. blair, or -- what does it mean? that we have built a europe that was not popular to the people? was a kind of technocratic mechanism. they manage a lot of money. they confine countries, impose rules. maybe power, yes. how can i say, not a europe that speaks to the people. francine: does that mean you will either have a more integrated europe or it will break apart? paolo: i don't think it will break apart. every day, we have examples of what happens if you are outside of major economic zones. look at what happened to turkey now. imagine if

apart from the consequences for europe. of course. no, but we can, you know — brexit is a shambles and it is an historical mistake, probably. but now, what is happening in europe, and macron developing this idea that the next european elections next spring and that will be between progressives, let's say, and populists and nationalists. and we need britain onside. we can't let britain drift away. and i perceived some slight change of mood that, you know, it might be tempting to let britain drift away but it is not practical and we need britain and we need a deal. we need to help britain and save face and just this week, you know, barnier was trying to be very practical about this. you know, the irish question. the irish stew, to add another cliche. let's make it work. i mean, let's go into details. just explain that — a frictionless trade agreement. if you don't want a hard border between northern ireland and the republic of ireland, you need still a border, so perhaps the irish sea. of course, it's not acceptable but it actually

multilateralism and europe at the same time and i think it's a double attack there is for us the big signal we have to react we were always allied of the u.s. and we are still alive of the u.s. trump is another thing trump is really a threat for us so let's talk in more details in terms of what european reaction should be because like completely right now tran threatens to slap emperor taxes on two hundred billion dollars worth of chinese goods rate and he then sat and that european union is almost as bad as china only smaller that's a quote. we make of it what does this mean and do you feel like europe should be prepared for import taxes from washington as well i think reactions can be considered the swing this juror but at the end of the name of the you know trans protectionism is affecting today more european union than china. the decisions that to continue now where the season's first against the prince allies because the friends the allies like european union or like canada or like mexico where countries without any damn perry any customs and the protection is with the u.s. we w

nomad culture spreads as far as the borders of europe. the games will continue until september the 9th, a chance for the whole world to marvel at the prowess and the skill of the nomad. tim allman, bbc news. a private burial service for senatorjohn mccain has taken place in the us state of maryland. dozens of people lined the streets waving american flags as a motorcade brought senator mccain's coffin to the us naval academy chapel in annapolis. his final resting place will be next to his lifelong friend, admiral chuck larson. on saturday, former us presidents barack obama and george w bush spoke at a memorial service in washington for senator mccain. a reminder of our top story: a huge fire has broken out at the national museum of brazil in rio dejaneiro, one of the largest and most historic institution in the country. a reminder that you can find me on twitter. i'm @nkem|fejika. if you want to keep up to date on the news, go to bbc.com. hello. that wasn't bad for the first weekend of september. summer warmth continuing for many of us, e