lincoln pocket vetoed. one of the attempts at reconstruction, but he was starting to negotiate with them to try to figure out how to go forward. johnson had been severe throughout the war against southern planters and the southern aristocracy and pushed to fight a hard war. but at heart, this quote of his explains, damn the negroes, i am fighting these traitorous aristocratic masters. he was fighting to preserve the union and possibly punish the people he thought were responsible for the war. we see this carry out, carry on in reconstruction. >> so he was saying like slaveowners was the reason for the war, and -- prof. slap: not just slaveowners. from johnson's perspective, the people most responsible for the war were the wealthy planters, people who owned 20, 30, 40, 100 slaves, outside influence. did you have a question? this is a struggle that we talked about earlier with fremont's proposal of who is going, what is the role of the president, what is the role of congress? lincoln had taken a great deal of

lincoln had a lot on his plate. he's fighting the civil war, perhaps some of these events were out of his control. how can these events reflect noticeably on his stature? let's wrestle with some of these questions in this class today. abraham lincoln must have formed impressions of the american indians. he lived in indiana, and illinois shortly after-- defeat and during a time in which numerous indigenous peoples were facing increased pressure to give up their land and move to the west. lincoln could not have been ignorant of these troubles and when troubles erupted with-- led by blackhawk, lincoln eagerly volunteered for military service, was in fact elected cap in of a militia unit. he served in the military and did not see action. he later recalled about his career and it gave me more pleasure than i've ever had since. i had a good many bloody struggles with mosquitoes that did not see a live fighting indian. this was unlike lincoln's grandfather and namesake after moving from virginia or kentucky, from virginia

and you cannot take it away from lincoln. it had to be a heavy burden that he carried, but i also think there were so many people, particularly those african-americans advising him, who continued to push and insist by writing the times they had to speak with him. they made it clear to him, lieu sid lucidly clear. >> what role are african-americans in the district playing in terms of influencing lincoln to move forward with the emancipation proceed look ma proclamation? we know people like frederick douglas are doing that. what about local people, what is it about people in this city, plaque people in this city that might have convinced lincoln that he needed to move forward in this, or was it simply for military expediency? >> i think, i think david terry's article, he talks about the rise of the powerful individuals in the district of columbia. the fact you had so many schools here. when you look at the -- the early histories of the district of columbia, they talk about the advent of schools. they talk about the activism of

so lincoln himself had had an idea in 184 as well. but what we see also are efforts by citizens in the district that there is the founding of the washington abolition society in 1827. and then various attempts, there's also an abolition society in alexandria. and prior to retrocession both groups existed in the same -- same area. so we have people -- and one of the earliest petitions was signed by all of the judges on the local court. so we saw people that were repulsed by the sight of slave coppers in the district walking across the capitol square. one of the earliest female reporters talks about being surprised at a slave sale at the foot of capitol hill, and she talks about how the -- it's near where the peace memorial is. so for you hard core d.c. historians, that was literally at the foot of capitol hill, she was so discomforted and disoriented she stepped by accident on the very platform where the slave sale was going to occur and her husband had to pull her off of it. so things got a little dicy there. so what we see are legisl

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the justice abraham lincoln is being inaugurated. the spanish empire, which had been receding in the new world -- there is no doubt he is taking advantage of the chaos in the united states to move back into the new world. taking power and france. very much committed to reestablishing a french empire, not just in algeria, but in the western hemisphere. admirer of the united states. he has visited the united states when he was a young man. he found americans to be greedy, materialistic, and uncultured. he developed his grand design, the invasion of mexico, which unfolded first with the collaboration of spain and great britain. and extending throughout the first half of 1860's. we are seeing italian unification, a nation unifying. there is quite a bit on european powers mines at this time. >> one angle that is not often talked about but really important in this question is the european communist movement, particularly karl marx and frederick engels. they were fascinated by the american civil war. as part of the european revolutions of 1

think of him as lincoln j. edgar hoover i guess only with a couple of important differences, first baker didn't have much interaction as hoover did only with presidents. even though baker often bragged to others that which wasn't the case and second, baker was far more corrupt. he ended up working as a secret agent fo for edward stanton, a y ruthless secretary who became the star for internal security. they became detectives and more counter espionage and criminal investigations and actually collecting intelligence. simple crime back then was considered a national security threat for the union as espionage. so the secret service organizations often spend more time chasing smugglers, contractors and counterfeiters than they did on the cloak and dagger. they set up a headquarters in the building on pennsylvania avenue not too far from here near the capital. the ideal operatives are somebody that was a shrewd, courageous and couldn't be bribed but the men, many of them former california vigilantes with pistols har

lincoln blinks in this instance. lincoln recognizes and this is an important restraint, though the larger question of who can fight exacerbates the problems of the war. lincoln recognizes he has to effectively agree that the confederacy is an independent state, that in terms of how they treat those soldiers, that they will be recognized as public enemies and housed in prisons and given medical care if they require it. that's a decision he's forced into by the exigencies of war. not that he wants an unrestrained war, but he does not want to acknowledge the confederacy, but in this instance he's forced to. we know how this story plays out. tens of thousands, eventually hundreds of course of the war and after 1863 and the introduction of black soldiers and the collapse of the cartel that determines how you can exchange prisoners, more and more prisoners subject to worse and worse conditions and eventually of course tens of thousands of unnecessary deaths in union and confederate p.o.w. camps as a result partly of this q

lincoln and everybody else knows lincoln will not be reelected. atlanta and richmond had not fallen. here is one key. 864.nta has fallen in 1 robert e lee will detach a significant portion of his army early. they will go down the shenandoah valley and the battle that saved washington, a beautiful national park to go to, where the confederates will continue on, but get pushed back and the battle of fort stevens. and the district of columbia. . it was a one-day thing -- fort stevens at the district of columbia. it was a one-day thing. i don't know what the confederates soldiers would have done with washington at the time, but that is a moot issue because grant falls back to the shenandoah valley. commander who, a will go after the army in a terrible campaign, the shenandoah campaign. the third battle of winchester alone will result in more casualties than jackson's entire valley campaign by triple. the union will follow up with another victory at fishersville. union hascreek, the complete control of the shenandoah valley, much of which military equi

but what i heard in lincoln's -- was that in lincoln's correspondence, like you say, he was pretty much the consummate statesman. he corresponded with the english government, but also with benito juarez, i believe, in mexico, because whereas -- i heard this. he really went out on a limb, but he said lincoln did not only win the civil war, he reestablished the trust between the two countries. because juarez said, being from arizona we get this drummed into us, but he said keep the troops on that side, we will take care of napoleon. but i do not think lincoln gets credit for solidifying the border issue with benito juarez. and also i think he talked to england a little bit, in the sense of, talk all you want now but wait until the war is over. we are not your kid anymore. and i think there is a very good book out, i do not know the author's name, this is my question, about the correspondence of lincoln in foreign affairs? prof. fleche: i do not think that lincoln wanted to tangle with the royal navy, although it is true that the american navy was growing. you know, lincoln subscribed to t

lincoln subscribed to the one war at a time position. but i think you are right, especially the secretary of state seward used that threat, whether it was realistic or not, to try to temper british eagerness to get involved. as far as juarez, the lincoln government is a very important backer and ally of the juarez regime. juarez was a liberal reformer in mexico who was fighting the french invasion. the border issue is settled more under johnson and after grant after lincoln's assassination, but seward and grant were very pro-juarez and anti-french. >> [indiscernible] prof. schoen: there is a book called "lincoln and the world," and i forget the author's name. the other book i would recommend is "the cause of all nations," by don doyle. also one that deals with this period. i think we have time for one more question, and we have one man standing, so let's let him have it. john: john willen from washington, d.c. i recently came across a book, and i knew nothing about the topic previously, it is called "when the irish invaded canada." it ta

lincoln was influenced by washington and roosevelt by lincoln and washington. american history is continuing. we are on a downslope right now, fake news. what are we going to do about it? roosevelt was terrific in so many ways. he had amazing judgment and saw things nobody else did because he was fluent in german, he read mein kampf in the original in 1933, one of the english translations, this is an inaccurate translation and it made a huge difference. he understood the menace hitler opposed to everyone. here is my question, my standard question. if you could ask franklin roosevelt for one question, this is for both of you. what do you think it's answer would be? >> franklin, could i have a martini? [laughter] >> and how do you mix them? >> i would ask if history helped you to be a better president and i know what the answer would be. sometimes we are really lucky, just before world war ii franklin roosevelt happened to be reading carl sandberg's biography of abraham lincoln. what is the lesson of lincoln? if americans are asked to fight a war they have to und

so, what about lincoln? what are we to make of them? a has left posterity with troubling legacy, and i will admit, historians often get asked, who is the best president ? answer would be a ram lincoln because of his determination to preserve the union and he oversaw the end of slavery, but when we look at this through the lens of indigenous history, lincoln is perhaps no different from any other president in the 19th century. someone who is in favor of westward expansion and believed in manifest destiny. it is hard to say that the buck should stop with him. he was very busy fighting the civil war. the result a lot going on. but i assume that for the thousands of dakotas who were fleeing their homeland, the book should stop with him. for those thousands who had to endure the long walk in wretched conditions, the book should stop with him. k should stop with him. and for the cheyenne and arapahoe who were murdered, lincoln should come under more scrutiny. learn more about abraham lincoln and native americans tonight at 8 p.m. and midnight

he was appointed by lincoln and not by johnson. further, even if he did come under the act, the only reason johnson was doing this was to get the supreme court to rule on the constitutionality of the act. that is a crucial and interesting question, can a president defy a law in order to get a constitutional holding? how was the legal issue represented in these three works? dixon more or less avoids it and highlights the conspiracy theory and there was one that johnson was actually helping john wilkes booth and sensationalism such as the involvement in teenage sculptor benny reed. the other two actually deal with the legal issue, although the film mistakenly says the tenure of office act forbids dismissal of an office member appointed by lincoln, that's not right, kennedy more or less portrayed it accurately, delighted in knowing that the act was said to be unconstitutional in 1926 which is true but they failed to mention that -- and -- both dissented. now how do we get to this notion of the law versus politics opposition. for dixon

>> so in the context of working on the lincoln book, if lincoln book in his last trial, we use this transcript, the only transcripts that exist. not for nine months before he got the republican nomination. david fisher, my co-author had brought me this and said fascinating transcript out there only discovered in 1989, no one is written about it. i think lincoln, the only transcript that exist can't be possible that no one has really written about it. of course, it was true. it really had been come a footnote in history. so in the context of doing that, we thought to ourselves, if there's a lincoln trial out there, it's become a footnote to history, i wonder if there are other really interesting cases out there with a transco. then we can unearth. lo and behold we can be con came upon this case from 1915, and in the lincoln case, there was a 100 page handwritten transcript but only of witnesses. no opening statements no arguments outside the presence of the jury, here we had almost 4000 pages. it was a typed transcript of the entirety of the trial. what makes this so amazing is that the time, t

weaverand we were supposed t abraham lincoln's vision of reconstruction. instead of a lot of john wilkes booth gives us andrew johnson a man nor a racist, who died a racist, the last to own slaves who didn't emancipate his own until seven months after the emancipation proclamation and a man who as president and to the resurrecting almost every old elements of the confederacy paving the way for the black codes which paved the way for the jim crow law and gave segregation. if i look at the story of post-civil war america, to me it can be described in some respects a story of two presidential assassinations beginning of abraham lincoln and ending with james garfield which i will come back to. when i set out to write the chapter about lincoln and andrew thomson, you think to yourself what can i write all the great e great scholars haven't written about in this sort of seminal moment in history and i decided i wanted to vindicate the one state on the record which is putting johnson a heartbeat away from the president. back then he didn't choose the running mate

blanche lambert lincoln got married they took sen. lincoln's name. times are changing these days my job is to recognize someone who is not part of that marriage operation, but is a ranking member this powerful senate finance committee. sen. ron wyden. he is a distinguished leader, he is one who we can go on about all night. his constituents described him as a good listener. he is one who believes in the town hall, and has a town hall meeting in every county in oregon every year. he uses those listening skills here in the senate to hear arguments on all sides of the issue and to define common sense bipartisan solutions. sen. ron wyden has the distinction of being the dean of the oregon congressional delegation. [ applause ]. but just to put this in perspective. sen. chuck grassley has town hall meetings in all 99 of his counties. and as described in the state of iowa as the full grassley. >> i came over saying i would make sure that this was a filibuster free zone. i see some of my colleagues who will be very pleased about that. i think you may be her

that trial was important to lincoln but for roosevelt, the essence of his legacy was here. he was eyeing the possibility of a 1916 or 1920 run for the presidency again but just as important theodore roosevelt cared enormously about how people viewed him and they viewed him as a man of integrity they were trying to humiliate roosevelt and stain ehis legacy to put his high up on the wall and we believe , this is our speculation that his lawyer for the plaintiff was part of the reason the lawsuit was brought that the attorney may have encouraged him to bring the lawsuit against roosevelt. >> so tell us the reaction and then tell us about william barness. >> take a step back. they were allies and fellow republicans. in 1912 which was a real divide between them comes out intoen the open. he felt the republican nomination was stolen from him and many moree votes if individual folders could have a direct vote in every state in the republican primary. instead they did. >> i think he did lose the new york primary. >> today they are caucuses. it's not that it was such the incredibly

we could do it the opposite way and cr lincoln washington, personally i might say fdr washington lincoln. but that mean disagreeing with my students. t-mac what you think that question mark. >> yes fdr saved civilization. that would be the most important. i was mentioning to winston churchill's man daughter who is here today. my favorite quote among many is something that alexander hamilton said in 1789, he said we think in english. by that he meant, not just the language although the language is very precious in fact the richest in the world. in terms of vocabulary. he encapsulated in that sentence everything that ties the united states of its values to great britain, our enlightenment values, our magna carta, democracy, due process, individual rights, this was what was at stake. in world war ii. without that there is nothing. the soul is gone. so i would put fdr first then george washington, thank you george i was very glad he was president and not john adams or jefferson. he was fantastic. lincoln, believe it or not in high school, i was absent the week they did civil war soil not [la

but wills argues in his book on lincoln and the gettysburg address is that what makes lincoln's gettysburg address so phenomenal is that it's timeless. that subsequent generations of americans can read the gettysburg address and breathe whatever life they need to into it. so it's not surprising in the 1940's when millions of people are losing individual liberties around the world, and millions of people are falling to totalitarianism or nazism or fascism all around the globe. it's not surprising that americans look to the gettysburg address and they see it emblematic of government, democracy, government of the people, by the people, shall not perish from the earth. so during the second world war, americans look at gettysburg for inspiration. they study this battle. they read the gettysburg address. and they think about the sacrifices made here in 1963, and they use them to propel or to motivate themselves in the second world war. so history and gettysburg becomes relevant, it becomes tangible. it pervades our popular consciousness. and by 1945, at a cost of, what, 60 million people around

lincoln's name. just noticing, you know, times are a changin' these days. my job is to recognize someone who was not part of that marriage operation but is instead the ranking member of this powerful senate finance committee, senator ron widen. he's a distinguished leader. he's one that we could go on all night but we shant. his constituents describe him as a good listener. he's one who believes in a town hall and has a town hall in oregon every year. he uses those listening skills to hear arguments on all sides of the issue and try to find common sense. in addition to his post on the committee, senator wyden has the distinction of being the dean of the congressional organization. senator wyden, please come. >> just to put this in perspective, senator grassley has town hall meetings in all 99 of his counties. it is described as the full grassl grassley. i came over saying i was going to make sure this is a filibuster-free zone. i see my colleagues who will be very pleased about that. but i think that

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and argue iing with lincoln. he had to allow butler to take over as lead prosecutor ask couldn't finish the one speech he tried to give. but dixon needed a villain and was a prime architect of the black plague of reconstruction. the johnson obviously the focus is not on ross. and he doesn't even appear. he had just won an oscar. the film acknowledges that it requires taking certain is liberties. for instance, even though johnson didn't appear in his own trial in the film he comes in and gives a defense. the film produces drama by pitting johnson against stevens. he's good at creating monsters. these are the the three different works. they have lots of different similarities. for ken dirks what was at stake was the checks and balances of government. the independence was on trial. dixon grease with that. he has a supreme test. and if a partisan majority can defy the supreme court, stability to civic institution was at an end. but ultimately for him, the real question was will the u.s. remain a white republican. in

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so he argues in his book on lincoln in the gettysburg address that what makes lincoln's gettysburg address so phenomenal is that it is timeless. the subsequent generation of americans can read the gettysburg address and breed whatever life into it. it's not surprising in the 1940s , millions of people are losing individual liberties around the world and millions of people are falling to totalitarianism or nazism or fascism all around the globe. it's not surprising that americans looks to the gettysburg address and they see it emblematic of government, democracy, government of the people, by the people, shall not perish from the earth. >> during the second world war americans so, gettysburg for inspiration they read the gettysburg address and think about the sacrifices made in 1863 and they use them to propel or motivate themselves in the second world war. so, history and gettysburg becomes relevant and becomes tangible it pervades our popular consciousness. 1945 at a cost of 60 million people around the world, and hundreds, tens of thousands of american gis come home and the baby boom gene

and you need jacquecine yan and lincoln republicans getting together. african-americans were needed for the war effort. but their polite is appropriated to bolster the film to poor whites. in the first seen johnson is a shackle on his leg. and he has to have that cut off. so he is a fugitive shackle on leg, cut off, the poor white. he keeps the shackle all of his life. and then when stephens comes in when he is president and offers to help him -- i'll help you one win the next election if you support radical reconstruction he says and johnson applies pulse out the chain and says i've been chained before and then he promises that he is going to free southerners just as lincoln freed the slaves. you can imagine the naacp wasn't happy with this and protested. in fact they protested before the film even came out. how did that happen? well a worker for mgm gave a copy of the script to the daily worker. and the daily worker passed it to the office of war information, the naacp who then pressed mgm to make changes before the film came out. influenced by black

and lincoln said, "i don't care what problem he has. you guys aren't winning." ♪ and his name was grant. general grant. [crowd cheering] it's unbelievable, isn't it? isn't it unbelievable? [crowd clapping, cheering] it's unbelievable. ♪ and he went in and he knocked the hell out of everyone. ♪ - [yelling] - and you know the story. they said to lincoln, "you can't use him anymore. he's an alcoholic." and lincoln said, "i don't care if he's an alcoholic. frankly, give me six or seven more just like him." - [retches] - grant really did. he had a serious problem. a serious drinking problem. but, man, was he a good general. and he's finally being recognized as a great general. - sure is, yeah. ♪ - grant figured it out, and grant is a great general. [crowd cheering] ulysses s. grant. - [swallows, burps] [bright music] - american rapper a$ap rocky has been detained by swedish police for his involvement in a suspected assault, and now he spends almost three weeks in jail. now, luckily for a$ap, he has some powerful friends lobbying for

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lincoln actually liked it and was a great storyteller. he would say let me tell you a story and finally he says another story, but the other thing at the cemetery and they would say the kennedy center and i would ask them who else is. at the arlington national cemetery and they have no idea. and it's the president had served for four years and nine years as the chie chief justicef the supreme court and it is within walking distance and they have no idea and they don't even know who william howard taft is. what does that say about history or civics classes or glamour, fill in the blanks on all of that. >> we rate colleges and law schools and museums and opera houses and so forth, but the c-span ratings are extremely helpful we learned so much about history from the introduction to why the president for good and bad but if that is what they identify as the greatest strength and administrative skill and weakness in the public persuasion that helps us evaluate the leadership and also it helps us have heroes and put them into perspective and h

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the first born son of abraham lincoln. which, i think, serves as an important reminder to us today that although we live in politically divided times and although it often seems in washington the people are at each other's throats there are times in our past which we have been even more divided and yet 18 years after that most divisive time in our country's history went over 600,000 americans through arms against each other and died on a field of battle the firstborn son of the great president and his rebel antagonist could act in concert to establish our national cemetery which is truly sacred ground. now, cemetery continued to grow and expand and is lived just like our nation is lived over the last 20 years confederate veterans were ultimately accepted for interment at arlington national cemetery and became famous throughout the world in 1963 when president john f. kennedy was interred there and it's the home of three unknown soldiers who come to stand for every american that has laid down his life in the line of duty. t

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