long line of impressive legislative achievement that meet the urgent priorities of the 1960's. in translating legislation into a program of action for the american people, no president could match his record. >> we need to crack down on the conmen who prey on the age and the defenseless. some of our parents save up all their lives to buy little homes for retirement. then some swindler comes along and gets a hold of them and they wind up in a useless swamp. with a piece of no good land or they wind up in a worthless shack. >> no administration work more -- ever worked harder or more aggressively in using federal machinery to help its people, particularly in those areas where human needs were the strongest. as president johnson wound up his first four years of office, the nation saw the completion of 80 months of economic expansion and prosperity. the gnp for the first time in history topped the $8 billion mark. and to cap it off, the 200 millionth american was born. all in all november have been a milestone month. but the true meaning of the month would not be found in america's po

. eastern on c-span3's american history tv. this weekend on "c-span: cities to her," we will explore the history and life of hattiesburg, mississippi. susannahv, author ural. her book draws on rare letters and diary entries from the civil keeping how important in touch was for those on the battlefield and their family members back home. toso many women were writing their man at the front saying, i don't know what you are fighting for, but you need to come home, because we have about 1/10 the crop we normally do, i just buried our youngest in the back, and we won't have anything left. announcer: and an examination of the vietnam war with author wiest, discussing the battlefields of vietnam, and what soldiers has to fight for upon their return to the united states. >> soldiers have been used as part of a morality play, as part of many things, but hardly anyone got to tell their story, who they were as young men before they went. the trauma they went through, it's great victories, it's funny times, it's horrible times. and what happened once they got home. announcer: in the slaying of v

portion of that interview on c-span 3's american tv. and wrote the book defiant and the most infamous prison. >> first of all, thanks for having me with you and he was a native in alabama and united states naval academy graduate flying off the u.s.s. independence off the coast of north vietnam and a very well respected leader and the father of 7 children and a husband to a wonderful wife named jane. >> how was he treated? >> he was shot down in let's see july of 1965. he didn't know how he was going to be treated. he didn't know anything that was going to be fall him so he realized that the rules of the geneva convention did not apply and he was obstructed to an increasingly rough experience there and was continually hounded for intelligence and propaganda statements and not allowed to ride home and communicate like he had hoped to. >> commander denton was interviewed on may 2nd, 1966 by a joop these news network. what did he say? >> there's someone that i would not and it's a strong southerner and for whatever reason and asked a series of questions and he spent the last few weeks bei

start that job sampling and you'd be surprised the preconceived notion s what you thought would be the right job for a person aren't always true, but that you can learn what they're good at. in terms of the interview process, videos have been very, very helpful. so, you don't need have that oral exchange as much as you can show a video of the terrific work someone can do and in terms of accommodations, i think we've all seen some of the accommodations are no more than having a script in place for someone so they know exactly what to say when they pick up the phone. it would be writing out some of the rules that we take as sort of unwritten rules but if they're just laid out clearly, as ultratesting did, 700 characters. you couldn't get more clearer than that. those are the types of accommodations that don't cost anything but have tremendous dividends for everyone. >> so, first i'd like to say we don't see any of the changes we've made to how a business works as accommodations. that's how we collaborate and we're collaborating across people who are very different strength said and i

with the anti-communist forces in vietnam were an artifact of the 1940's. what was not outlandish to believe that communism was it unified threat to the united states and a victory for communism anywhere was a threat to democracy everywhere. by the 1960's that was coming into question. because harry truman and dwight eisenhower and john kennedy had they feltthis marker obliged to live up to this promise. >> i want to reinforce what is justin said. i especially was like to urge you to read a book called the brothers. it is i think the finest book on how we got to where we were and to some extent where we are. john forster dulles actually rejected and went over ho chi minh to try to look at ways of perhaps we can work together. united states and that governments and it was forcefully rejected on our side. the brothers. >> alex you had been a military advisers secretary mcnamara. you have been a veteran served overseas. before you came into the crucible of the white house, what we are personal opinions about vietnam? >> i was in the junior rotc. and the senior rtc in georgia. south i fe

urgent priorities of the 1960's. in translating legislation into a program of action for the american people, no president could match his record. on theeed to crack down comment who prey on the defenses. some of our parents save up all their lives to buy little homes for retirement. then some swindler comes along and gets a hold of them and they wind up in a useless swamp. with a piece of no good land or they wind up in a worthless shack. moreno administration work aggressively and using federal machinery to help its people, particularly in those areas where human needs were the strongest. as he wound up his first four years of office, the nation saw the completion of many months of -- 80 months of economic expansion and prosperity. the gnp for the first time in history top the 800 billion mark. , 200 million off american was born. all in all november have been a milestone month. but the true meaning of the month would not be found in america's power nor prosperity. it would be revealed in how she used her success in helping others. nation begin its own .limb up the mountain

generation of marines in the 1980's, that had a major influence on how our military saw the vietnam war. and obviously, military lessons taught in military schools. living in vietnam, as i have reflected back when i wrote this book, was part "the great santini" and part the best dream a boy could have. being the only boy in the family with three sisters and a father who was a career air force pilot living in saigon, it was like a dream. you watch your dad go fly, i saw but in vietnam i saw my dad go , fly, and he took me flying in a military aircraft when i was a kid. i saw them go off and come back, sometimes with the smoke trailing. i saw parachutes coming out of aircraft, coming back from war. it was something that, until i lived in this country for a number of years and saw the war as a civilian, i really did not have the perspective that we were living through a war. , think growing up in vietnam as americans, we send our men and women overseas and leave the families here. but in south vietnam and most other countries, you live in a war zone. so your fathers and uncles are fighting

introduction of equal rights amendment in the 1970's. c-span's american history tv interviewed ms. griffis at the meeting of american historians in providence, rhode island. this is about 15 minutes. >> chelsea griffis, for those who have forgotten or never knew, what is the equal rights amendment? ms. griffis: a failed constitutional amendment that would have legally fought equality for men and women, regardless of sex. it was originally introduced in 1923 by alice paul. people might know her from the national woman's party, a radical suffrage group. during the 1910's especially, she brought it forth to greater stabilize political equality between men and women. for the 1920's, it was something unfathomable to most people. it was brought up again between the 1920's and 1970's, but never really got much credit. it did not go farther than any congressional committees. to a lot ofthanks work in the house and senate, it got brought up for ratification in 1972 to be sent to the states, yes or no, do we want this added to the u.s. constitution? >> how have you focused your research? gr

. anyone in politics in austin during the 1960's knew about then -- ben, who had barely started shaving before he was elected to the house of representatives. then he went on to become the speaker and later lieutenant governor. now he continues his service at the lbj foundation. and wherever you are, ben, thank you so much for being a friend to those in public service and your continued contributions. it is much appreciated. [applause] secretary kerry: i want to thank greg for the welcome to the university of texas. he mentioned in the introduction, the time we were able to spend at the goal -- pickles research, what a group of people. what really struck me, while texas is so well known as the oil-producing part of america and has built a reputation on that for years, it really is now the energy producing center of america. and what you are doing with respect to research on solar and wind and renewable, is exactly what president obama and i and others hope would happen in the context of our efforts on global climate change and the agreement that we signed in paris. the agreement will no

tilford: the name of my book is "turning the tide: the university of alabama in the 1960's." i wrote this book because i was a student at the university of alabama in the 1960's, and quite frankly i , missed a lot of it because i was studying. i wanted to take the story of beyond desegregation which occurred in 1963. though i do cover that in the first chapter. i want to take it through the rest of the 1960's. while we desegregated in 1963, we did not integrate. that took a long time, going even beyond 1970. but it is in this period that the university went in a new direction. once segregation was out of the way, once all that energy that had gone to trying to maintain and actually illegal and certainly immoral way of doing things, after all that energy could be sent in another direction, the university of alabama began to turn itself away from a regional football party school and warning itself -- and turning itself toward becoming a major national academic institution. that is what it has become, but it was a long journey in the 1960's that sent us that -- in that direction. there

group organized in the late 1930's. -- latent -- late 1950's. c-span tv interviewed mulloy in organization of american historians in providence, rhode island. this is about 10 minutes. >> what is the john birch society? prof. mulloy: the john birch society is a conservative political organization formed in 1958 in indianapolis, and has its headquarters in massachusetts. it was very prominent in the 1960's in particular. >> what was the purpose behind the john birch society? prof. mulloy: they were an anti-communist organization. they opposed and feared that communism would subvert the united states. more broadly, they opposed collectivism of all times, so they were opposed to many manifestations of the welfare state. they opposed what they saw as excessive governmental interference in the economy. they opposed the civil rights movement. in terms of foreign policy, they wanted the united states to take a more active role in trying to win the cold war, to defeat communism in cuba, vietnam, those cons of places. >> who was john birch? prof. mulloy: he was an american missionary a

press for 13 years. from the buildup of u.s. military advisers in the early 1960's to the fall of saigon in 1975. arnett wrote more than 2000 news stories from vietnam for the associated press. he has written several books, including his autobiography "live from the battlefield." in his memoir on the vietnam war called "the fall of saigon." dan rather. my friend dan rather has been a fixture in broadcast news for over six decades, during which he has won every major journalism award. dan has interviewed every president since eisenhower. and he's covered almost every important dateline of the last 60 years. he served as the anchor of the cbs evening news. he is founder, president and ceo of news and guts, an independent production company specializing in nonfiction content. andrew sherry,s vice president of communications at the knight foundation, the leader of media innovation. as journalist, sherry was based in hong kong and paris, first for afp news agency, and then dow jones, where he became a regional editor of the far eastern economic review. one of his most memorable assignments in

. saturday. on c-span 2's book tv. and saturday afternoon at 2:00 on american history tv. on c-span 3. >>> next, treasury secretary jack lew. with reporters on the domestic and global economies and his upcoming trip to the g-7 summit. the event was hosted by the washington bureau of the christian science monitor. it's 50 minutes.

our veterans in the world war ii film were in their late 80's and early 90's, and they were at the end of their lives, but the people we talked to are my age and a little bit older. draft andible for the i had a high draft number, and so i think it's the combination of eating placed back in a moment that we think we know, that our own assumption superimposes knowledge, but then determines that a great deal of that is just super eventual -- just conventional wisdom and everything we know about the war is completely turned upside down. while we are not answering the question, we are deepening the question, "what happened?" mostwill be our controversial work, more so for the people who don't watch it than the people who do. [laughter] we are notfar as betraying any particular side. deserters and draftdodgers and people who believe we should still be there allting the communists, equally represented in the film and more importantly, all of the shades in between, but we are presenting a story in which most americans who have a confident sense of what went on will be staggered in every singl

loredo, texas. join the discussion. >>> welcome to real america on cspan 3's real american history

roosevelt, about washington state politics in the 1960's, about the holocaust and other subjects. his talk tonight will focus on -- will center on his first book called, "reagan's 1968 dress rehearsal." it tells the little-known story of friendship that developed and ultimately a mentorship between dwight d. eisenhower and ronald reagan. i will not steal the thunder, but dwight d. eisenhower was really instrumental in ronald reagan's early political career. we all know how that ended with reagan's election as president to decade later. so, he will tell that story. he will talk for about 45-50 minutes. there will be some audio and presentations. we will do our best to make sure that we are adjusting it in the back and he can hear it. after he is done, we will open it up to a q and a paid leave -- q&a. please join me in welcoming gene kopelson. [applause] gene: thank you for coming on a beautiful sunny seattle day. the audience should know that it really was. thank you to the other people here at the discovery center. keith, who originally helped, tessa, and also c-span. i would like to

that dwight d. eisenhower blade in the 1950's -- played in the 1960's. his book is, "reagan's 1968 dress rehearsal: ike, rfk, and reagan's emergence as a world statesman." the discovery institute hosted this program. >> we are joined by dr. gene kopelson. he is a cancer doctor by trade, but also an accomplished historian. he has written about theodore roosevelt, about washington state politics in the 1960's, about the holocaust and other subjects. his talk tonight will focus on his first book called, "reagan's 1968 dress rehearsal" and it tells the little-known story of friendship that developed and ultimately a member -- a mentorship between eisenhower and reagan. i will not steal the thunder, but dwight d. eisenhower was really instrumental in ronald reagan's early political career. we all know how that ended with reagan's election as president to decade later. so, he will tell that story. he will talk for about 45-50 minutes. there will be some audio and presentations. we will do our best to make sure that we are adjusting it in the back and he can hear it. open he is done, we w

, extraordinary man. a word used in a popular biographical article on ross by s

1910, when he was doing a state congressman race. by the 1930's he had been elected governor. at the time in mississippi, you could not serve consecutive terms as governor. he served one term into the 1920's, early 1930's, then skipped a term, then stroked another four years later. -- then served another four years later. he was elected to the u.s. senate in the mid-1930's. he served until 1946 when he was removed from the senate. after being elected for a third term because of bribery charges. and because of his views regarding race relations. there -- very well-liked within the state by poor white residents. he took advantage of the new deal project to improve the state. he helped a lot of great people. =--- a lot of rural white people. as governor of mississippi, he made the decision in the 1930's to remove all the president's from 3the presidents major universities in the state. the university of mississippi, what is now mississippi state university and mississippi university for women. he removed the presidents and replaced them with people -- i think one was a real estate agent

fertile because of the organic matter and manure s that breakdown into it. this is a model of soil fertility that i think anyone is spent time doing organic farming would be familiar with. it made a bit of a return. chemist,man, a german insteade this and opted for a reductive soil chemistry that began to argue that fertile soils relied upon a couple critical nutrients. potassium, phosphorus. there will be a three number ratio, the ratio of those three elements. he is one of the ones that encourages us to think of fertilizer as more like vitamins then food. theory saw soil as something that needed to be fed. but no, it needed in fusions of these chemical, mineral elements. nitrogen would be the trickiest one. but as luck would have it, just writing his major treatise on the subject in 1840, and industry was beginning to newtalize on a remarkable sort of concentrated, mineable, nitrogen, that came from an unlikely, remote place. the chinchas called islands. anyone know where these islands are? >> i would like to ask where these islands are located? [laughter] prof. sutter: anyone kn

this new generation one of the things the rest of us can learn .s the importance of community you're telling his story before about how vietnam veterans have made these communities for themselves. stress is the loss of a sense of community. grace: whether it is your family or the small town where you lived. i work in a small town called concorde north carolina. just a little bit north of charlotte. i work at a place called the community free clinic. and you and who is poor, you can't afford it, you can come to the free clinic. it is free. we take no federal money or state money. we get donations and volunteers and that is how we do it. so we'vest 10 years or been taking care of more and more veterans. they haveeason is benefits but the closest da's too far away. they succumb to me and i'll take care of you. they don'tne is that always have the benefits. they don't know they happen. we try to help them through that process as well. the most interesting group of veterans i know who are my patients is a group of about 12 people know more than that. they literally without the woods. >> t

1900s and 1920's specifically and it set the precedent for that. what i want to talk about is the cultural issues on chinese immigration. chinese immigration began coming cities largely because of the gold rush in california. most living in the west coast in the late 19th century. immigrants, chinese culture, was all over the press. you could see chinese images and .agazines, in books, in songs i want to talk today about how and what americans saw of chinese immigrants. late 1800s, in the very few of americans, white americans or anglo americans ever came into contact with chinese emigrants. 95-90 --majority, 95-90 8%, lived in california. if you are east of the rockies, with the exception of very small chinatown's in new york and washington, most americans never encounter chinese people or chinese emigrants so it makes the image they received an -- in populare culture that much more significant, because they had no other information to balance it against. a chief appeared in a single , -- this wasnovel the forerunner of many to follow. a murmur of discussed went to the crowd. boy

1960's, during which they carried the device concealed in a silver dollar. in this case, the drill -- was filled with shellfish toxin. they did not use it and was not instructed to do so. it was offered as an option. this was the only time we are aware that the toxin was provided for operational use, although it was made available for earlier flight. was in the agency development of assimilation devices to use the standard chemicals themselves. various devices in an agent designed to release -- available records do not indicate all specific items were developed exclusively for the cia and similar devices were also done for the army. at the time the toxin was found, the officer responded over the project in 1970 said he had no recollection on how it got there . discussions were held with a retired officer who gave a lead. this man had been the branch chief in 1970, stating that the toxin had been moved and is stored in the laboratory. this was done on the basis of -- after conversations with a project officer. he further stated that he made the decision based on the fact that the di

necessary to our strategy in winning the war? dr. kissinger: well, my now, and in my 90's. i've heard this. i think the word war criminal should be thrown around in domestic debates. it's a shameful reflection on the people who use it. let us look -- what was the situation? first, there was no carpet bombing. that is absolute nonsense. the situation was as follows. in the johnson administration, the north vietnamese moved four divisions into the border areas the vietnam and cambodia. on cambodian soil. an established base areas from which they launched attacks into vietnam, and the divisions were put there in opposition to the cambodian government. the cambodian government told them that if we bombed those areas and didn't kill any cambodians, they would close their eyes to it. the lbj administration decided not to do this, because we were already under pressure, domestically. and for other reasons that don johnson may know better than i do. but then, when nixon came in, they can have already before he assumed office sent a message to the north vietnamese that he was eager to resume negoti

home state. this is about 10 minutes. chaups chaus [ cheers and applause ]s [ cheers and applause ][ cheers] >> thank you. thank you. you are so enthusiastic. it's wonderful. we had a momento here from texas that we would like to present to mr. pe row now on behalf of all of you who have worked so hard. and let me read the inscription to him and to you who have not had the chance it see this. we, the people of texas, join the millions of fellow americans who brought our volunteers efforts to secure an overwhelming number of signatures to pledge the name ross perot on the presidential ballot of the great state of texas. we congratulate you and wish you the best of luck in your bid for the presidency of the united states, and we will do our utmost to continue our efforts to achieve that goal. thank you. [ cheers and applause ] [ crowd chanting ] >> thank you very much. thank you.

pleasant journey. they all came together in while the prison built in 1800's by the french. the french have been in north vietnam for decades and the country was basically a colony. so for decades this prison held vietnamese captive, in the p.o.w. said when he came in to that prison you could almost hear the screams and the agony of 70 years of prisoners. so very quickly these guys realized the north vietnamese were trying to isolate them because from their own experience in this prison that prisoners could communicate with prisoners that were hard to deal with so they tried to separate the prisoners and keep them in separate cells when they could. the pows realize this and they knew they needed a way to communicate where they wouldn't be of this it freely and talk with one another. they came up with what was known as the tap code. this was the life blood of the pows in vietnam. very fortunately a couple of pows remember this code from a coffee break conversation in air force school. schumacher and a couple of other guys were together in the spring of 1965 for just a couple of weeks and the

disappear but it went further underground in the 1950's. when mccarthyism so dominated american politics, it was very difficult. all protesters were labeled communists and many were jailed. protesters of the korean war were barely visible. it was in polls but not out on the street. the civilned is rights movement ignited a mass movement in the country north and south. we'll started to happen was a growing number of americans realized that the country they thought they lived in, peaceful and just and honorable, did not exist and maybe never had. recognition ofy the way in which the patriotic metanarrative we all learned in school was at the very least inaccurate. what the civil rights movement ofught to the front in terms understanding and rewriting the history of the united states, the bravery and courage, all the very directly fed into antiwar movement. 1963, beginning then and war itselfeadily as built, the antiwar movement took over. >> i am so pleased you brought us to the civil rights movement. everyone knows tom as one of the leading voices in the antiwar movement but they

, sometimes native to south america. after peru outlawed slavery in the 1850's, and it was increasingly fed by a trade in chinese labor. some of it coming from the fujian coast. that we talked about earlier in the semester. about 100,000 laborers from china, semi-free labor was brought over to peru. many of them ended in the chincha islands where they had to effectively work off the cost of their transport, mining guano. it was awful work, they got paid very little. but it was to feed the fertility revolution in the developed world. alright, it is also a story partly about the decline of slavery and the rise of other types of global labor and migration. alright, suicide was also a really major problem, particularly among the chinese workers, who often kill themselves because the work was so awful. what happened was, and here's a look at one of the sheds, and these are the deposits. another look. again, these are people here with guano carts there filling. they would then put them in these canvas chutes, to take to the united states and europe. ok. will just show i you. there is an ad for pacif

unacceptabled until significant s. verifiable and irrear versible improvements in human rights. unfortunately for the past seven-plus years, the administration has failed to deliver such messages to victims of abuse anywhere. no tough message was delivered in cuba, for example, despite an escalation of arrests and abuse. the administration seems eager to proceed with lucrative trade and to lift the bag on el lyle arm sales to vietnam without imposing any real conditions. that would be a colossal mistake. the administration will surely adjust extending these generous benefits by arguing that lifting the trade barriers and expanding diplomatic engagement with vietnam will bring about human rights and other positive advances. such arguments have long been discredited, however. s. >>> hanoi responded by launching the first of three waves of arrests that jailed more than 100 dissidents and introduced sweeping new laws restricting freedom of association, assembly and the internet. in short vietnam's wto membership allowed the communist government -- made it free to jail, torture and

. , ethnicities,s cultures. are doingudden we similar things out in the world. we're working in similar jobs. we have a common enemy. that change was huge. it was felt long after world war ii. war in general, specifically world war ii for many women and african-americans, particularly was about gaining strength and mobility. from the beginning of this country's history women and africans, and then an african americans -- african-americans have always been limited in their mobility. war helped to change that. doorwayvery much a through which women ventured out of the home. where they had been. for african, it was a way to overcome the racism, at least temporarily. that,ot trying to suggest thank god there was a war because now african-americans and women have an opportunity to bust out and gain some equality. it was just the effects of war. it was a byproduct of war. mind, this idea of it is all about perfect. this idea that in order for us to truly understand world war ii, to truly understand the impact, the total war impact of the war, we have to look at individuals. we could spend the

started with the song eight hours which was a popular labor anthem in the 1880's. you're the chorus eight hours for work eight hours for rest eight hours for what we well. in some ways that song speaks what we will be talking about today. eight hours for work and eight hours for rest. we are talking about labor relations. we're talking about more broadly speaking clinical economy. we are talking about the potential for state regulations and these arguments over that. that is somewhat straightforward. what about eight hours for what we will. they say we want to feel the sunshine. we are not machines, we're human beings. we want to have a life outside of work. even those on the top of this new gilded age are also in many ways growing anxious over this new world that is coming about. we look at economics. as with so much else, a lot of our story starts with the railroads. you have seen how much the transcontinental railroad changed the west. it didn't stop in 1869 when they drove the golden spike. they continue to build by the end of the century. there were four transcontinental railroads by

. eightarted with the song " hours" which was a popular labor anthem in the 1880's. eightard the chorus -- hours for work, eight hours for rest and eight hours for what we will. that speaks to what we are going to talk about. on one hand, eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, we are talking about labor relations and political economy. we are talking about the potential for state regulation or at least arguments for that. what about eight hours for what we will? in other words, we are not machines, we are human beings. we want a life outside of work and even those on the top of this new gilded age order are in many ways growing anxious over this new world that seems to be coming about. but first, we look at economic and as with so much else this semester, a lot of our story starts with the railroad. you have seen how much the transcontinental railroad changed the west and changed the economy. that railroad holding bonanza did not stop in 1869 when they drove the golden spike. instead, there were four transcontinental railroads and there are all sorts of tributary lines that

trafficking and acts of emphasis came to include these areas. ,uring the early 1960's requesting agencies asked national security agencies to look for reflections in international communications of certain u.s. citizens traveling to cuba. requirements for a watch list or developed" drove basic areas. international drug trafficking, presidential protection, accept terrorism, and possible foreign support or influence uncivil disturbances. the 60's, there was presidential concern voiced over the massive flow of drugs into our country. president nixon's administration, he instructed the cia to pursue intelligence efforts to identify foreign foreignof drugs and organizations and methods used to elicit drugs into the united states. the mdd provided watchlist with some u.s. names. the one instance in which inspectedssages were was the collection of some between thealls united states and south america. the collection was conducted at the request to produce intelligence information on the methods and locations of four nick carter asked trafficking. by nsa to assist. nsa provided names of

cspan 3's real american history tv. 30 years ago in the wake of watergate the united states senate created a special committee. they had a long official title. the senate select committee to sfud di- governmental operations with respect to intelligence activities and took on the nickname of the chairman, frank church and it was known as the church committee. the committee met for 16 months, reviewed 10,000 documents, called 800 witnesses before the committee and the staff. the legacy includes it creation of the senate select intelligence committee providing ongoing oversight of the intelligence agencies and the creation of the foreign intelligence surveillance act of 1978 which we know as fisa. they were held in the historic senate caucus room scene of the hearings two years earlier. we go to meet kate scott, who explains how and why the church committee came about and sets the stage for september 16, 1975 hearing with cia director, william colby. >> the church committee was created in january of 1975 by the senate. in response to a series of revelations and allegations about domes

schultz discusses how the left wing and right wing in the 1960's were influenced by 2 friends from opposite ends of the political spectrum, conservative william buckley and liberal norman mailer. throughout the 1960's, in public and in their writings, they debated america's political affairs, including vietnam, civil rights, and of the cold war. scholz describes their political differences and close relationships in his book, "buckley and mailer: the difficult friendship that shaped the 1960's." this is part of a day long summit at grand valley state in, grand rapids michigan. >> good morning everyone. i am program manager of the common ground initiative. i am pleased to usher in our first session and introduce our first speaker. >> at the risk of sounding too cheerful, i must say that beginning with friendship kicks off the possibility of common ground between progressives and conservatives. it does seem unlikely that the buckley-mailer relationship has an equivalent today. seeing as we have historians and public intellectuals such as our speaker writing eloquently and persuasivel

drafted into the vietnam war in 1963 and became a u.s. army private in the first battalion of the 7th calvary. s

. we should moderate the argume s arguments. >> based on that view, how would you assess the war in iraq. >> the war in iraq. first of all. let me be clear. i supported it a different kind of war. we failed to make, in iraq and maybe in syria, we failed to make anlages which goes back to my original point, namely, we look at these countries as if they were one unit. >> right. >> and then we see a ruler that is oppressive. and we say let's get rid of this ruler and then the people of iraq or the people of syria have a democratic government that can restore stability but what has happened in iraq and in syria both, at the end of world war i the european victors organized a group of tribes, religions, ethnic entities. one of them was syria that had a majority of sunis and shia which in syria are the minority of sunnis and majority of shia. so in each case the american president said let's get rid of that guy and we will have stabili stability. but getting rid of the top guy produces a conflict among the various minority groups who are fighting for preimnance so we have to learn that wh

the case. in the 1790's there was senator pierce butler from ireland. and as we will learn tomorrow, gallaton from switzerland. thehe mid 19th century, in senate there was benjamin, peter david, and karl surs, all of whom were immigrants. in the 20th century we saw robert wagner, s.i.haikawa, rudy bosh witz and mel more teen why he's serving in the senate. and this is only the skimming easy names off the top. it would be too difficult to house members which simply run out of time. 1790, 10% of congress was foreign-born. 1880's, 8% of congress was foreign born. today it's down to 2%. central to the notion of the nation of immigrants has been refugeerica has been a of the oppressed. have been of course, proud of this. and this is part reflected by nickname of the two great entrees to the united states, island and angel island were known as the golden time that they were active and in subsequent history since. for this. good reason whatever else we may say in aspects of some american culture and american society, the golden door is an enormous amount of economic opportunity as well as

have subsided in the country, even from the 1960's and 1970's. report to the berkman of justice on trouble spots run the country. so that the department will be aware of them. year ine place a advance with state official, city officials, the affirmative justice and the fbi. our only approach was through informants. through the use of informants, we solved these cases. ones that were solved. some of the bombing cases we never solved. , as we talkedts to the president, he was in a position where he could forewarn us of violence that had transpired. we knew that this could continue forever unless we could create enough disruption that these members will realize, if i go out and murder 3 civil rights workers, even though that it, that ire in on will be caught. that is what we did. that is why the violence stopped, the klan was insecure. just like you say, they thought 80% of --they thought 50% were klan members. they did not engage in these acts of violence because they knew they could not engage in conspiracy any longer. i'm sorry. >> one quick question. is it correct in that in 1971,