going to be blue, that it was going to be french. because from the british perspective, the british colonies are hemmed in east of the appalachian mountains and west of the appalachians, it's all french. and you would get the impression that this is a predominant french power. well, it's not. it's a house of cards. because the french empire in north america is built on the fur trade which requires indian customers, indian hunters, and french defenses, french power, if you like, in the west, revolves around a network of alliances with indian nations. somebody pointed out yesterday, this is why the french pay such attention to their diplomatic relations with indian people, to getting it right. and that involved not only endless negotiations, learning the language of diplomacy, but also endless gift giving because in indian society and indian diplomacy, giving gifts and receiving gifts is the lubricant of that diplomacy. gifts which might involve silver medals, guns, alcohol, whatever. not only desirable artifacts but they are symbols of commitment. allies give each other gifts. giving

-18th century, the allegheny takes you all the way up to french canada. you can also from the ohio, travel up smaller streams and make it a great theory -- make it up to lake erie. ittish america, the heart of along the potomac. those two rivers are important enough but want to get on the ohio, you can continue and basically -- once you get on the ohio, you can continue and basically go to new orleans. you can control the whole region in essence, militarily you can keep your enemy for moving large amounts of men and materials along the river. ohio and pittsburgh are the toeway to the west, prior st. louis being the gateway. basically pittsburgh and fort pitt or the gateway to the west. there were a series of fort sill here, the first built by the english in 1754. though more than a storehouse with a stockade -- little more than a storehouse with a stockade around the outside. it had been intended to be called fort prince george but it is often called french fort after the man in charge -- trench fort after the man in charge. before the laws were set in the ground, the french arrive

going to be french because from the british perspective they hammed in and west of the appalachians, it's all french. and you would get the impression that it's a dominant premp power. it's not the house of cards because the french empire in north america is built on the fur trade and requires indian hunters and french descendants, french power revolves around a network of alineses. somebody pointed out yesterday, this is why the french paid such attention with diplomatic relations and getting it right. and that involves not only endless negotiations, learning e language, but also endless because diplomacy, giving gifts and receiving gifts is that diplomacy, gifts which might involve medals, guns rpgs alcohol, whatever. they are not only symbols of commitment. allies giving gifts. it helps that you are backing up what you say with words and say we are allies and friend and demonstrate that in a tangible way. the french brought that down to a fine art. and the british in the middle of the 18th sent friday that that french relationship was not only going to be insight angelo-american

, the image on the top is from belgium. is frome on the bottom the great french cathedral that the germans had shelled in the fall of 1913. and i want you to take a look at the map. notice about it? there is no germany on this map. if you notice, france goes all of the way to vienna. a new poland is created. -- hungaryn hungrier you one- i want to show important theme, which is the american people as a whole were pro-allies from the start. now, that doesn't mean they wanted to get involved in the war. that does not mean they wanted to see american foreign-policy tilt one way or another, but where their sympathies were was quite clear, and i will talk about that in a bit. but then, it was white clear that people thought this war was going to be short and that this war would not cause them to make great changes to the way that they do things, but as i will show you here, events will prove that is a false assumption. and i want to dispel one mess right away, and that was that the american people were bystanders and did not pay attention to what was going on. that is patently false. th

to be british. they were happy to not be french. and they wanted to be recognized as british. if you were to come up to any house at that time and said, "the british are coming," they will have looked at you confused. it made no sense. paul revere -- yes, three versions of the deposition of his ride that night and he doesn't tell us exactly what he said. he may have said -- probably said the regulars are coming, referring to regular army, militia or red coats are coming. or as depicted in re-enactments in concord, the regulars are turning out. something like that but he definitely did not say the british are coming. so the british do come. so i have to use those terms because it's a modern audience and i have to make those distinctions. the british to march. on the way to concord over here they meet up with lexington militia on a green that's like a park. the road passes to the south. the british should have stayed on the road and passed them. the militia standing in protest not intending for any skirmish to happen there. the shot rings out, first shot. we don't know who shot first.

, french, and american history, dr. neiberg has published widely on the theme of war in the world especially the area of the two world wars. his many books include dance of the furies, europe and the outbreak of world war i, published by harvard university press in 2011, which "the wall street journal" named as one of the five best books ever written about the war. in october, 2012, basic books published "the blood of free men" the history of the liberation of paris in 1944. in may, 2015, basic published "the end of world war ii and the remaking of europe." this month oxford university press published "path to war" the history of the american esponses to the great war, 1914-1917. please welcome dr. michael neiberg. [applause] dr. neiberg: i want to thank jerry for that kind introduction and i do work at the u.s. army war college. the sole disadvantage of that is that i'm supposed to tell you that everything you're going to hear tonight is the express opinion of me, personally, not the department of defense, the u.s. army, the u.s. army war college, or anybody in my chain of comman

mountain on the bottom is the great french cathedral which the germans had 1914.d in the fall of i would like to you take a look at the map. you notice about it? there is no german on this map. notice france goes all the way to vienna, belgium is poland enlarged, a new is created. the hungarian empire is broken up. the only thing i want to do with image and i'll come back to this theme some more, what i to do is show you one important theme which is the american people as a whole were ally from the start. now that didn't mean they wanted to get involved in the war. wanted t mean that they to see american foreign policy tilt too much one way or the sympathieshere their were is quite clear. i'll talk more about that in a bit. 1914, however, it was quite lear that the american people thought this war would be short and thought this war would not cause them to make great changes that they did things. as i'll show you, events will rove that that's a false assumption. i wanted to dispel one myth. that is, that the american mere bystanders and didn't pay attention to what was going on. le

distinguished audience. i would like to thank the audience for inviting me. i got the honor as a french in support of the french ministry of foreign affairs, and participating for the last five years to the working group on the long-term sustainability. and previously, as a member of the expert group b, co-chaired by dick bernaci on space debris and space awareness. serious interest to the long-term and active role in this working group. in particular, i would like to record that the idea of creating such a working group was proposed by the french in 2008, when he was chair of the committee. we all know the necessity here of strengthening the long-term sustainability, and separating space. it is for all peaceful nations to encourage the use of space and minimize debris to protect any admitant of spacecraft. today, we are all convinced here that this first set of 12 concerns were guidelines agreed last june vienna in outer space. however, there is still much work to be done. additional guidelines, probably the most difficult ones, still need to be discussed over the next two years. with

virginia hired him to come to the western wilds and chase out the french who were building forts along the allegheny river. george was captured. he nearly drowned in the allegheny river but he kept coming back. and he secured the forks of the ohio as they called them for the british empire. lewis and clark started their expedition right here in pittsburgh. meriwether lewis was at fort fayette, which replaced fort pitt. he and william clark set out on a transcontinental exploration in 1803. they built a boat right here in pittsburgh, a 55-foot boat. on the very first day of the expedition lewis took his air rifle, a 22 shot air rifle, didn't use powder or flint, and he gave a demonstration on bruno's island, the first island on the ohio river as you head west. he was an expert marksman. you put a mark on a tree and fired seven times and hit it bullseye each time. a local man said that is amazing. he pulled the rifle from his hand. it went off and shot a woman in the head. she went down, feathers from her hat flew into the air. he thought the first day of the exposition and i have

workshop. i believe i got the honor as a french delegate acting in support of the french ministry of foreign affairs, and participating for the last five years to the working group on the long-term space activities and group b, co-chair ed on spae debris and situational awareness. france has always attributed the race to the long-term sustainability and has played an active role in this working group. in particular we'd like to recall that the idea of creating such a working group was proposed by the french barchier in 2008 when he was chair of the committee. we all know the necessity here of strengthening the long-term sustainability, safety and security in space. it is our collective best interest for all peaceful space bearing nations to anchor the use of space and minimize orbital debris to protect any abatement of any spacecraft from risk of collisions and to preserve the space environment. today we are all convinced here that this first set of 12 consensual guidelines agreed last june in vienna was a huge achievement for the committee on the peaceful uses of outer space. howeve

that honor as a french delegate acting in support p of the french ministry of foreign affairs and participating for the last five years to the working group. france has always attributed a serious interest and an active role in this working group. the working group was proposed by the french in 2008 when he was chair of the committee. we all know the necessity of strengthening the long-term safety and security in space. it is our collective best interest for all peaceful space-faring nations to encourage the use of space and minimize debris to protect any spacecraft from risk of collisions and to preserve the space environment. today we are all convinced that these guidelines agreed last year was a huge achievement for the committee of peaceful unity in outer space. however, there's still much work to be done. additional guidelines, probably the most difficult ones, still need to be discussed over the next two years. with the guidelines and return to the general assembly in 2018. it will coincide, as it was mentioned before, uni plus 50, and this extraordinary conjunction, require

1917? what's that? >> the british and french can't really get any farther on the western front and russia's starting to kind of deteriorate both in their government and their forces on the eastern front. >> yeah. the russians are going to go through two revolutions in 1917. the october revolution is going to kill it. so the germans are successful. the strategic shift to the eastern front, they are successful. but what's going on -- if we look at the allied forces fighting on the western front, how are they doing? are they taking advantage of the germans and their shift to the east? >> no. at this point, the lines have been established and they are not moving anywhere at this point. >> and when they do try, do you remember the novelle offensive? he's the commander of the french -- big hero and comes up and gets the choice field command and he's going to lead them, you know, in a big offensive in 1917. what does he run in to? anybody remember from 100? >> gas? >> no. >> artillery? >> do you guys remember the elastic defense? anybody remember the elastic defense? >> it's been a long t

these revolutions. it was no colonial rebellion like the algerians throwing off french rule in the 1960's. in america, he was an historical event. price, therichard unitarian minister, in 1785, said, the american revolution is the second most important event in the history of the world. the first according to him was the birth of jesus christ. that was the excitement among a lot of radicals, including french radicals. the french revolution erupted 13 years later and because it was such a momentous of people, it dominated western consciousness. it followed the american revolution in that is the french have never forgiven us for. many leaders believe the american revolution was the stimulus for their revolution. lafayette took the key from the and sent it to washington as a mark of your contribution. incourse, it hangs today mount vernon. colonialn was not just but the overthrowing of monarchy. uses a little confusing to weh-century terms because have a lot of monarchs in europe that we happen to like. monarchyt think about in modern terms. mubarak inhosni , saddamuba, china hussein

street, not for ulysses s. grant, but for james grant, the french and war british general. -- the french and indian war british general. he was captured right here in 1758. there used to be a hill. this was grant's hill. around 1909 they brought in steam equipment, bulldozers, steam excavators, and they leveled grant's hill and made it a nice, flat street. pittsburgh streets have changed over time from original dirt streets. they then went to calls and -- cobbles, then belgian blocks. and then probably only 30 or 40 years ago they went to bricks because they were easier to lay and pull up when they had to do infrastructure work. u.s. steel is still around. it's one of the top steelmakers in america, but there is a lot of competition for steel nowadays all around the world. the steel industry is not the dominant industry in pittsburgh today. we are coming up on hh richardson's courthouse and jail. you can see the rest vacated stone. this was built after the turn of the century. it is one of the architectural wonders in pittsburgh. we are coming up to the monongahela river. you are

warping principle. the french had one as well. the open structure, but they are starting to enclose it. the carpeting along the side is very realistic. the observer in the back, called them observers, would fire in the air. they had not invented firing through the propeller. it has got a tail skid on it. non-steerable. nearly all world war i airplanes used a skid. some of our replicas have a tail wheel on it for better controllability. a normal type elevator, the big thing to watch is this is what wing warping looking like. you twist the thing and you can see the wing on the other side is going up at the same time i pull this down. that is how they rolled the airplane. but this wasctive, the state of the war in 1915. let's go take a look at another curtiss, compare that to the curtiss pusher we looked at before. we will look at the famous jenny, which became a standard trainer all the way through. they would put two people in the cockpit with dual controls. this is a true jenny. it is one of the few airplanes we have in the world war i collection which is a restoration rather than a re

going on here? >> at 6:00 eastern on american artifacts -- youre french method, second training flight would give you more wing and a bigger engine and you would literally hop up and down the field. when you are ready for the big day, you would talk to your instructor on the ground. and pat you on the shoulder you get into an airplane and make your first real solo flight home by yourself. >> robert powell faces on a tour of the military aviation museum of virginia, on the one of the largest private collection of world war i and world war ii aircraft. to learn about advances in aviation technology about those wars. for a complete schedule, go to c-span.org. i have always been a great admirer of america, students of american history. of hislarly the history african descendent people. >> sunday night, and other types of that is no more -- memoir, "never look at american in the eye." >> my uncle formed this impression from watching cinema, westerns specifically, where cowboys would gather together in a bar, exchange a few words and we never understood what they are saying. at one point the

of the few combat airplanes that started the wing warping principle. the french had eight training airplane. the open structure, the carpeting along the side is very realistic. the observer in the back, called them observers with fire and people in the air. it was impossible to break eight big machine gun fire over the propeller. it -- got a tale skit on tail skid on it. nearly all world war i airplanes used a skid. some of our replicas have a tail on it. a normal type elevator, the big thing to watch is this is what wing working look like. -- warping looking like. , this was thetive state of the war in 1915. let's go take a look at another curtis, compare that to the curtiss pusher we looked at before. we will look at the famous jenny, which became a standard trainer all the way through. people in the cap -- cockpit with control. the particular one is a true jenny. it is one in the world war i collection, a restoration rather than a replica or reproduction. the painting on this, we stay local all the way through. this is the first airplane that landed in the big field on the becam

invitation. i got the honor as a french in part of the french ministry of foreign affairs and participating for the last five year to the working group on the sustainability about activities and previously as a member of the group b. co-chaired by -- specification and the situational awareness. always attributed a serious interest and has played an active role this group. in particular, would tlik e recall that the idea of creating such a working group was proposed by the french in 2008 when he was chair of can committee. we all know the necessity here of strengthening the system and ability. safety and security in space. it is our collective best interest for all peaceful faring nations to encourage the rest of the use of space and minimize to protect any spacecraft from risk of collisions and to preserve the space environment. we are convinced these guidelines agreed last june in vienna was a huge achievement for the committee on the peaceful uses of outer space. however, there's still much work to be done. probably the most difficult ones need to be discussed over the next

secretary of war, were eager to speak out against the french. the french had overthrown republican rule in spain. they felt it was crucial as the great leader of republicanism to stand up and speak out, as well as this ongoing question about greece's role with turkey. adams sharply disagreed. he said doing that would be seen as a sentence to arms against all europe and exclusively european policy. he then describes his pursuit of monroe, practically pinning him to the wall to get monroe to agree that this was the thing he must not say -- indeed he finally succeeded. he succeeded in getting monroe to camp down. monroe does allude to spain, but he doesn't mention france or the holy alliance, which is the alliance of autocratic nations. he said in the language adams used two years before of events in the quarter of the globe, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. nevertheless in the wars of the european powers in matters relating to themselves, we have never taken any part nor does it conform with our policy to do so. when i use the word realism and when others look back to a

mere rebellion like the algerians throwing off french rule in the 1960's. in american eyes, it was a world historical event. in europe, richard price, the unitarian minister, in 1785, said, the american revolution is the second most important event in the history of the world. the first according to him was the birth of jesus christ. but the american revolution in his estimation -- that was the excitement among a lot of radicals, including french radicals. there was a lot of radical chic in france, excitement over the american revolution. the french revolution erupted 13 years later and because it was such a momentous upheaval, it tended to dominate western consciousness. keep in mind it followed the american revolution, and that is the french have never forgiven us for. may french leaders believe the american revolution was the stimulus for their revolution. lafayette took the key from the bastille and sent it to washington as a mark of your contribution. the americans contribution to their revolution. of course, it hangs today in mount vernon. our revolution was not just a colonial

by the french, and then along came a young major in the virginia militia with the mission of saying, hey, wait, this is land that great britain wants. this began the french and indian war. and that major's name was george washington. it is the history of meriwether lewis taking off in a boat to meet up with his buddy clark, and in the process discovering america. it is the idea of them looking over their shoulder saying, who is going to build this country? and it was pittsburgh. at first it was glass, and then iron and than steel, than aluminum, and in the process, we built this country. ask whatif you were to made pittsburgh its berg, i would answer it has been resilience. cities, wee a lot of burned to the ground. during the 1920's and 1930's, our city was flooded. we also created disparity between our grandfathers in the mills and the people who want them. we were able to overcome all of that and build a city that became the third largest corporate center in the united states in the 1970's. pittsburgh.icago, then in 1971, we died. we had to come back again and reedit of fire self

? >> yes. >> yes. >> obviously the french train is coming in. you can see the french soldiers there lined up as honor guard. host: allison finkelstein, how did this whole concept of unknown soldier being honored come about? allison: it really goes back to beginning of mechanicization of work, more unidentified remain, more in the civil war. people were struggling with the fact they couldn't figure out who many of these casualties were. great britain and france in 1920 buried an unknown soldier in each of their countries, great britain, westminster abbey, so the u.s. decided to do something similar to that. the idea was started by representative hamilton fish of new york who presented legislation to bury an unknown soldier in the u.s. i believe in france where the unknown soldiers were taken from four different cemeteries. guest: i've walked through those streets before and it's interesting to see, to me, how many people turned out. not just the army as we can see mostly in the scene but french civilians showing their honor and patriotism towards the americans and really supporting the rol

slave uprising that occurred on that imprisoned island was directed against french colonial rule as well as against the barbaric conditions experienced by slaves in bondage. the events in haiti terrified southern slaveowners, such as thomas jefferson. whose position on emancipation, along with that of many of his fellow virginians, hardened as the 1790's wore on. the fear that the haitian contagion would spread to the southern united states. while washington and hamilton of -- endorsed a cautious position to the haitian revolution, it ultimately divided federalist from the jeffersonian republic. while the federalist party contained abolitionist whites and free blacks, the latter party became the party of slaveholders and the institutions' northern white population. the federalists took a much more assertive -- to use a more modern term, a more progressive position than the democrats or republicans. the difference between a federalists like hamilton, who was a founder of the new york society for promoting the manumission of slaves, and jefferson, one of the largest slaveholders in vi

, allison? >> yes. >> obviously the french train is coming in. you can see the french soldiers there lined up as honor guard. >> allison finkel stein, how did this whole concept of unknown soldier being honored come about? >> it really goes back to beginning of mechanicization of work, more unidentified remain, more in the civil war. people were struggling with the fact they couldn't figure out who many of these casualties were. great britain and france in 1920 buried unknown soldier in each of their countries, great britain, westminster abbey, so the u.s. decided to do something similar to that. the idea was started by representative hamilton fish of new york who presented legislation to bury an unknown soldier in the u.s. i believe in france where the unknown soldiers were taken from four different cemeteries. >> i'm walked through those streets before. it's interesting to see, to me, how many people turned out. not just the army as we can see mostly in the scene but french civilians showing their honor and patriotism towards the americans and really supporting the role the america

pretty sure this would be in france right, allison? allison: yes. mitchell: obviously the french train is coming in. you can see the french soldiers there lined up as honor guard. host: allison finkelstein, how did the whole concept of the unknown soldier being honored come about? allison: well, it really goes back to the beginning of the meck anodizeation of warfare that you see -- mechanization of warfare that expands during world war i. people were really struggling with the fact that they could not figure out who many of these casualties were, so great britain and france in 1920 buried an unknown soldier in each of their countries. in great britain it was in westminster abby and in france it was under the arch detriumph in paris. the u.s. decided to do something similar. the idea was started by representative hamilton finch of new york who submitted legislation to bury an unknown soldier from the u.s. i believe they are in france right now where the unknown soldiers were taken from four different cemeteries. --. ieve mitchell: i've walked through those streets before and it's interest

park service property includes the best family farm, built in the 1790s by a family of french caribbean immigrants who owned about 90 slaves. c-span met joy beasley to learn how remnants of the 200-year-old slave quarters were discovered in 2003 and partially excavated in the summer of 2010. >> we are at the best farm, which is named the best farm after the tenant that occupied this farm during the civil war. but what we know today as the best farm forms the southern 274 acres of what was originally 748-acre plantation. and that plantation was known as laramie taj and established by a family of french planters who came to maryland in 1793 from the colony of san doming which we know today as haiti. the family came to maryland to escape civil unrest that was associated with the slave uprising that began in san doming in 1791 and also with the french revolution. the best farm was acquired by the national park service in 1993, so it's a fairly recent acquisition. and beginning in about 1998, 1999 is when we started doing a substantial amount of historical architectural and archaeo

, he has been president of the anglo-french society. he is president of the british german society. a patron of the richmond society. international chairman emeritus of the english speaking union and president of the european atlantic movement. i should point out he is high steward of cambridge university, also my boss. and a patron of the churchill archive's center and has the churchill medal from the english speaking union. like churchill, he is a writer and his latest book, "churchill's legacy: two speeches to save the world," is about two vital speeches he gave in 1946. one at westminster college and one of the university of zurich. that book is doing extremely well, on top of the list of best-selling hardback nonfiction books at the moment. you all have the chance to keep it there by going next door and buying more copies. allen did not just write the book. in recent weeks he has been living it. i know for a fact that in the last few weeks he has appeared on the very podiums that in missouri.od on and i can prove it. he spoke at westminster college. and at the university of zuric

was a very large, hairy -- driven by a very large, hairy french-canadian. i took evasive action. he took evasive action. there was screeching of brakes. i stopped, he stopped. we narrowly missed each other. he wound down his window and leaned out and spoke in french. my french is pretty good actually, but, i have to say he used some words i don't think of would hear on the lips carla bruni and sarkozy. but anyway, i survived. i am here this evening. indeed the case that maine does feature in this book to a very large extent. the book actually begins in maine. and inns inn maine maine. more specifically, it begins in the valley and it inns in the valley. it is close to the modern town of madison and it inns near the central valley of the river. it inns with the description of a rock. very interesting. that isledge of shale covered with carvings, petroglyphs left behind. in a few moments, i'm going to try to explain exactly why it is that maine plays such a large part in making haste from babylon. i will try to explain why the author wrote the major chapter in a hotel room north of au

suddenly find they have to worry about a french navy. the united states doesn't have much of a navy to threaten the british fleet, but france does. so they have to worry about that. the british have to worry about being invaded. certainly guys like benjamin franklin working with lafayette in france work on the king to try to get some invasion of england going. you'll have to worry if you are great britain about islands in the caribbean, you'll be fighting in asia, africa, all over the world. so a lot of resources suddenly aren't coming here to north america which makes george washington's life easier. we'll get money from france. we'll get supplies from france. we'll get eventually french troops, plus that french navy. if you think of our victory at yorktown, probably the biggest of the war, we're probably not going to get that victory without the french navy. so eventually the war slowly, and it is slowly, turns in our favor. 1783, back in paris, john adams and benjamin franklin sign a peace treaty. so it's really back in 1783 that the continental congress can finally breathe that

story of slave and revolutionary war spy james lafayette. working for french general marquis delafayette, james lafayette posed as an escaped slave to penetrate war camps. the smithsonian associates and the international spy museum co-hosted this 80-minute event. >> good morning. good to see all of you here. i'm the museum's historian curator. i would like to welcome all of you to the third part of the national spy museum. the first two weeks centered on fairly well-known personalities. ben franklin is of course ben franklin. next week we'll take a look at the most infamous spy in u.s. history, benedict arnold. the relative obscurity of the man we'll hear about today is what will make this morning so interesting. he is someone we should know more about. his impact on world history is well known for historians, but historians are just now beginning to piece his life together, to find out new information, to understand his impact on the revolution, and to figure out how he fits among the great heroes and villains of american intelligence history. so kate gruber will help us und

french did. another thing i wanted to do in this book was think about analogies. i was here working off analogies at peace by a scholar at oxford who put ground troops into vietnam. he argued it is the only thing you needed to know what a person vice president johnson, what analogy they were drawing. in this case he looked at their public statements and private statements knowing those two things would likely be different. if someone made the analogy to munich this is appeasement all over again, then that person was likely to argue for asserting american ground troops in vietnam. if this was like korea, they were likely to be cautious. if the historical analogy was the french defeat in 1954, they were likely to argue against it at all. understanding historical analogies is going to understand the way people understand the present and the future. so i wanted to take a look and see what the people at potsdam were thinking. and i think it supports what he argued. the way people understood the past determined how they saw the present and where they thought the future was going. and there ar

indonesia and against the french colonies into china. of this concern, in july of 1941, 75 years ago, this july, douglas macarthur is recalled and named commander in in the fare forces east. charged with defending the philippine islands. this is not complete when the japanese attack will harbor and attack the philippines december 7 and eighth of 1940 one. honolulu, 755 a.m. when the japanese strike pearl harbor, a cousin of the time difference, 3:00 a.m. in manila. macarthur loses most of his air force to a japanese bombing raid on the first day of the work. the japanese invade a few weeks later and macarthur tries to fight him on the -- tries to fight them on the beaches. macarthur decides he will need to abandon manila and fall back to the raton peninsula -- to the an peninsula. he sends word to the manila hotel, to his wife and done, and on four hours notice on christmas eve 1941, jean macarthur packs two suitcases, packs her son, her son takes a tricycle and a stuffed animal, and they prepare to leave. why do i tell you that story? it is why we have these two objects right here.

symbolizes hope and thus the title of the work "in hope" in french. it shows the role of america in bringing humanitarian relief. and being a player, if you will, on the humanitarian stage. these, i'll point out these gold, hand painted plates are three of 15 plates that were a gift to president wilson from the king and queen of belgium who wilson visited when he was in europe and they reciprocated by coming to the united states in the fall of 1919. this was the first trip to america by reigning morn ark -- monarchs from europe. because of travel and because of the role of america in the world, british kings and queens, french kings and queens had not visited the united states. but the belgium king came to the united states and presented president wilson with 15 plates in a lacquered velvet lined box with a shelf for each plate. wilson had, about a month before, suffered the stroke that devastated his health and presidency. but one could hardly say to european monarchs, it's not a convenient time to come. so wilson had an audience with him. he was actually in bed recuperating from t

of the soviet union and delivered a tirade in front of all the diplomats. the french are there as well. and there was a new loop in soviet policy. russia was a woman of the streets and it was certainly the same horror underneath. and in front of british and french delegations pretty shocking stuff. and pain looks all around. the united states plan to rely on nuclear weapons as a means to deter them from doing anything bad in the world. they quote atomic weapons are now becoming to be regarded as the proper part of conventional armorment. and if north koreans or the chinese did anything bad in china or anywhere else, why the united states plan to use nuclear weapons against them. well this triggered an outpouring very mournment sentiments from the prime minist minister. he began to speak. he said the use of atomic weapons would lead to the destruction of all we hold dear. ourselves, our families, our pressures and even if some of us temporarily survive in some deep cellar there will be nothing to do but take a pill to end it all. not a good conference. his announcement to use nucle

minutes. continue running the war. winston liked to smoke and drink. his diet consisted of french toast and -- was a man who disdained politics for much of his adult life. churchill thought of politics as a patriotic duty, a dignified profession and a great deal of fun. i would suggest these differences in comparison to the many similarities. let us consider both these young men pursued kurt that pursued military careers in a youth. as a way of getting home to of leaving home, seeing the world. but were both intelligent they did not like school great deal. eisenhower in panama and the philippines. they had a curiosity about it. both men were athletic. churchill, a renowned polo player. many of my students think of eisenhower, he must have been the oldest man who ever lived. old,s probably 500 years but we forget when he was in his prime he was thought of as charismatic, physically imposing and powerful. i think that had something to do with his great interest in sports. much more sophisticated and world the. lucky catch for winston. families suffered a tragic loss of a young child

unfolds daily. >> the french, slovak and german ambassadors to the u.s. were joined about it european union's ambassador to the u.s. recently for discussion on brexit impact on the european union. hosted by the georgetown university law center here in washington this is just over an hour. >> thank you. we here have been extremely fortunate to have manufacture the policymakers, leading officials, regulators, diplomats and policymakers here over at georgetown and our programming really witnessed a bit of the renaissance here. it is such a pleasure to have all of you here today. s i just wanted to thank as well jennifer hillman and the students of what to our knowledge is the only course in any law school focused exclusively on brexit to help provide some of the questions that you'll be hearing today. as we launch into a multitude and range of issues across different policy issue areas. i think i want to start with ambassador o'sullivan. particularly since this conversation is being broadcast across the united states. brexit has been one of the lead willing stories here which is why ther

. >> you see the french soldiers there lined up. >> how did this whole concept of the unknown soldier being honored come about? >> well it really goes back to the beginning of the -- you get a lot more unidentifiable remains. you have a lot in the civil war. but people really were struggling with the fact that they could not figure out who many of these casualties were. great britain and france in 1920 buried unknown soldier in each of their countries in great britain west minister abby. the idea was started by representative hamilton fish of new york who submitted legislation to varying unknown soldier. i believe they're in france right now where the unknown soldiers were taken from four different cemetery ris. i believe it was samuel hall, and the -- >> yeah, you're right, i think it was the psalm. >> i walked through the streets before and it's interesting to see, to me, you know, how many people turned out the friends, not just the army, if we can see mostly at the scene. they're showing their honor and patriotism towards the americans and supporting the role of americans played i

french fleet. when churchill finished his seat and the whole house irrespective of party affiliation jumped to its feet and applauded the prime minister for several minutes. loud powerful ovation. sitting on the treasury bench, tension draining, churchill lowered his head and tears ran down cheeks. a strong scene. at least a real leader was the cry ek yog through the lobbies. winston left the house and of course winston churchill's private secretary of the day, recorded of that occasion winston left the house viably affected. i heard him say to alicia, this is heart breaking for me. visiting an air raid shelter after the first big raid of the blitz on the 8th of september 1940. churchill in the words after letter from the military second to the war cabinets broke down completely at his welcome. you see, he cares. he really cares, a woman called out. he's crying. f two months later, another mp and to lord halifax noted at nefl chamberlain's funeral, winston had the decency to cry when he stood by the calfin. one of those present, american an bas ambassador wrote in his memo, this was

nanosecond, that's a wee bit of a problem. the average french family can afford the average family because it costs twice as much. median household income is $18,142 in the employer market. does not compute. what we have done is see this cumulative increase of unaffordability of premiums. the green line is workers contribution compared to the blue line, health insurance premiums generally. the green line being above the blue line means there is cost shift to the employees. the boston two lines are overall workers earnings and inflation and, of course, they are way, way, way less than the increase in premiums. again, the average family, therefore, hasn't had a ge increase, any increment in compensation came in the form of health benefits. this is the point we are at now where the kaiser family foundation, up around 18, 142. that does not include out of pocket softs. if you use the millman numbers, you are up around $25,000. what is corporate america's idea? to shift the cost to consumers. 50% of the workers have a deductible of $1,000 or more, 29% of a deductible of the,000 or more, 20% deduct