and bombardment, bombing of various parts of france, took place all over france because it's the area had just bombed normandy that would give the germans the belief that the invasion was going to come there. in fact, in the -- the french expected it to come farther east than it did. so they had an idea of where it was going to be, but they actually didn't expect it to be in normandy. >> mary louise roberts is our guest. she's history professor at the university of wisconsin at madison. author of the book "d day through french eyes" that's our focus for the last part of our program this morning is the experience of french norman stips and the initial invasion of d day. 202-748-8000 if you are living in the eastern and central time zones. 202-748-8001 for mountain and pacific time zones. and for french americans, the number is 202-748-8 02. particularly interested in you had relatives or ancestors who lived in norman defor french during the time of the invasion. a reminder of the time line of the invasion. we are talking about june 6th, 1944. but the original invasion was postponed, th

most of france was starving by the end of the war. the french writer said the sound of france was the sound of the growling stomach. this is because the germans took most of the produce and most of the wine. there were always things buried in order to save them for the liberation. the beautiful bottle of champagne, the much beloved bottle of wine. one young man when he met an african- american g.i. that amount back and dug up his records in order to show how much he loved american music. it was a period of deprivation for the french. it continued for another year. the winter of 1944 and 1945 was quite hard. by then, france's largely destroyed. there were towns that the french called martyred. among them, saint lo. these towns were 80% destroyed. it was very hard. life was hard during the war. most people think the french were collaborators. if you lived in the city, it was much harder than if you lived in the country. you couldn't grow your own food. the war was hard on the french. it was humiliating to be occupied by the germans. >>

than they had in france. guess where those landing craft were going to come from? italy. the british had a fundamental problem again with operation overlord, which starts a whole new series of arguments. the british argued that anvil would deplete italy of the required equipment. eisenhower simply didn't care. not only were the british putting up a hard time, but now the air corps planners were so convinced of their superiority, that bombing could end the war, they did not want any part in operation overlord. the planners had called for them to bomb all of the rail facilities throughout normandy to keep the germans from reinforcing normandy, and they didn't want to play. they were like, if you guys would leave us alone for 30 days , we can end the war without having to invade france. that didn't really sit too well with eisenhower, but he is getting a lot of pushback on his plans and he starts to cave in. he starts to negotiate with people and he is telling marshall about this. marshall is limited and -- is l

germany attacked poland in 1939, they attack france in 1940, and the loss of france is a complete shock to the united states. begins to bring the united states out of its complacency. not out of its isolationism -- congress and the american people wanted absolutely nothing to do with the war in europe, but congress understands they have to begin preparing for war. and so the louisiana maneuvers, held in 1940 and 1941, were designed to see how well the army performed. and the answer was not well. revealed aes had number of quitman problems, such pipes being labeled cannons, trucks being labeled tanks, biplanes being labeled bombers, that sort of thing. so the army was not only understaffed -- there were only 200,000 soldiers total in the army at this point -- but we have some of quitman problems, as you can see. so marshall determined -- some equipment problems, as you can see. so marshall determined it might be time to build up the army. after the first series of exercises, marshall and the president go to congress and enact the selective service act and bring 900,000 draftees into the

a bombardment, bombing of various parts of france, took place all over france. if the americans had bombed just normandy, that would give the germans the belief that the invasion was going to come there. in fact, the french expected it to come further east than it did. they had an idea where it would be but they actually didn't expect it to be in normandy. >> she is history professor at the university of wisconsin/madison. author of the book d-day through franchise. that is our focus for the last part of our program this morning. the experience of french, norman citizens and the initial invasion of d-day. 202-748-8000. mountain pacific 202-748 8001. if you have french ancestry, the number to call is 202-748-8002. a couple of reminders on the timeline of the invasion, we are talking about tunes fixed, 1944. the invasion was postponed, the original, the day before. 75 years ago the invasion happened. shorebird was secured 24 days later. the town was liberated on july 7 and we showed you the video for the liberation of paris in august of 1944. the cover of your boo

the air trip from france to england takes about an hour. speed has won another triumph, and it becomes a common occurrence for a soldier wounded in france in the morning to be resting in a general hospital in england by evening. from the landing field, the patients are shuttled to the transit hospital, and before long they're boarding the hospital trains that pull out daily from nearby railway spurs for the trip north. and the last leg of the journey begins. the general hospitals are telling some remarkable stories these days, like 16,000 casualties handled by one group and only 15 deaths. what is making such records possible, of course, is the fine condition in which patients are arriving due to the splendid work of units all along the line. in the first two months of the invasion, some 76,000 wounded were handled by the medical department. in world war i, 8% of these men would not have survived. today, less than 3% are being lost, and many who would have been invalided for life will have been totally healed. so the careful planning of mon

the pathfinder heads for the coast of france. planes move into their position at the head of the runway. 30 minutes after the takeoff, c-47s follow on the invasion path. ♪ carrier: as troop aircraft across tehe channel, the allied fleet ahas weighed anchor. route is actually variable -- 500 to 1,000. visibility is poor. stand up! >> ready, weather red. >> stand! green.y, with the >> go! ♪ >> the unit landed squarely on 91st division of enemy troops. they were already occupying defensive positions. surprise was only gained by the parachute unit. loads, 13,000 paratroopers were delivered in less than two hours. troop carrier had not planned a train for a night glider landing . was estimated only fifty of personnel and equipment would be available after the landing. the calculated risk was excepted. cg4as were easier to put into a strange field in darkness. 0:200. time for the gliders to go. >> approaching lz! >> roger. >> okay! go on! [explosions] the coastal defenses softened up for the beach landing. daybreak. aerial bombardm

normandy, france which took place 75 years ago on june 6, 1944. first author alex kershaw joined us from the d-day memorial in bedford, virginia. his new book is the new wave, those who led the way to victory in world war ii. then you'll hear about normandy 1944 looking at the impact of the invasion and aftermath on the french. both she and alex kershaw responded to viewer questions and comments. >>> soldiers, sailors and airmen of the allied expeditionary force, you are about to embark on the great crusade. eyes of the world are upon you. the hopes and prayers of liberty loving people everywhere march with you. in companies with our brave allies and brothers in arms on other fronts, you will bring about the

. >>> this year marks the 75th anniversary of the june 6th, 1944 d-day invasion of nazi-occupied france. normandy, the airborne invasion of fortress europe, is an hour-long documentary produced by the u.s. army air forces. the film details the planning, training, combat operations, and after-battle summaries of the airborne forces. with an emphasis on more than 500 gliders that were dropped behind enemy lines on the morning of june 6th. ♪ >>> ladies and gentlemen, the picture you are about to see is as important a film document as was ever made by the armed forces. in graphic detail it reveals the use of gliders in the invasion of normandy. you will not soon forget this picture. you may be able to recognize gliders which you built with your own hands. i think you will swell with pride when you see how well they performed. without them the invasion of the german-held territory could not have been the success it was. you will be filled with justifiable pride and speaking for the air technical service command and the entire air -- army air force, i want you to know that we share this pri

was bitterly contested. -- the american, british, and canadian troops held firmly onto the soil of france. and made contact with the french people. driving thepushover germans back. some of our troops dropped within yards of the water's edge. there were two enemies, the germans and the heavy seas. ♪ german prisoners were taken almost at once. american and british aircraft supported the troops magnificently preventing the germans from marshaling reinforcements. american marauders plastered piece all looking -- [sounds of bombing] [sounds of aircraft] with beaches free of enemy fire, the allies brought heavy equipment on shore. bulldozers cleared the way for vital airstrips. german defenses were left shattered and many dead german defenders. survivors were given prompt corps.on by medical doughboys and tommy's pushed forward yard by yard into the villages and small town's. and more and more prisoners fell into their hands. arrogant,still reluctant to raise their hands in defeat. landing craft carried the captives back to england. this then is hitler's invasion of britain. they come now de

airborne engineers trained for building landing strips and rebombed air in france. troop carrier airplanes were converted in a matter of minutes into ambulance ships. from lessons learned overseas, through the doctrine expressed in secular 113, employment of airborne and troop carrier forces, doctrine was put into practice and circular 113 became the blueprint for all future airborne operations. airborne and troop carrier units are operation forces. their employment must be a part of the plan made by the agency directing all land, sea and air forces in the operation. the coordinating directive must be issued in time to allow realistic preparation and training by troop carrier and airborne units for the specific operation. airborne troops must be employed in mass and the bulk of the force landed in as small an area as possible. the use of highly trained teams dropped in advance to mark dropping zones and glider landing zones is essential. procedures must be prescribed which will ensure that troop carrier aircraft on course at proper altitudes and correct time schedul

he takes his first step in france and is hit in the head by machine gun fire and is killed instantly. after the war, his heartbroken mother wrote to army historians, urging them to tell the story. she said, "i to proud mother of a son, and it is a story i try to understand." you talk about being humbling. pfc. norman speckler, this is -- was carrying a satchel charge. something touched at all. it blew him to pieces. in every direction read the biggest piece was as big as my fist, as white as snow, and the other survivors had to crawl over this as they made their way up the beach. after this book was published, i heard from a french family. and, as you may know, it is a custom, not just in france but in some of the other liberated countries to adopt a grave of americans who were buried in cemeteries overseas and they had , adopted speckler's grave, they wondered if i could share with them how he died in what had happened. it was not a pleasant thing to relate, but at least they had some closure in a sense that they had sort of a proprietary sense of knowing him at a distance. so the su

this is different from france in this way. chesterton is often comparing england to the united states. all these kind of paradoxes and he himself is making comparisons. weber did this as well. as did tocqueville, on the bit about associational life, weber wanted to bring it to germany, he said it wouldn't go. we are used to top-down, this volunteerism, it wouldn't work. and tocqueville observed something similar. and he was sent by the ministry of the interior to study america's prisons. that was his ostensible reason for coming. they do a good job of visiting america's prisons and wrote a book on it. they made a similar conclusion. they said american penitentiaries are good for these reasons and for these reasons, it would not work in france. it would not transfer. he doesn't answer your question but it is meant -- they were mindful of their home countries . the one article that qutb in the united states, he published it in "the fulcrum" in greeley was a story about an ejection giving earth to other countries and -- egypt bei

maneuvers ended with gliders landing in small fields similar to the potential landing zones in france. live loads are in the gliders. airborne troops continue in their specialized tactics. glider pilots are trained to stay in action with them until evacuated. meanwhile, in england, supreme headquarters was formed. the planning phase changed to the manning phase. the airborne planning committee headed by the air commander in chief of the allied expedationary air force was composed of all the services in the operation, navy, ground, and air. as well as the troop carrier command and the airborne divisions concerned. british ground crews helped assembly their own gliders before turning them over to troop carrier. this now belongs to the ninth troop carrier command. each group now had 73 aircraft instead of the normal 52. the troop carrier force of three wings and 14 groups contained one experienced wing and five combat-wise groups from the mediterranean. three planes in each squadron are equipped for aerial pickup. thorough coordination between ground and air is necessary for resupply of

this memorial day, american history tv marks the 75th anniversary of the world war ii of normandy, france, which took place june 6, 1944. starting at 8:00 a.m. eastern on monday, alex kershaw, author of the first wave, the d-day victory,who led to join us in bedford, virginia to take your questions. that is memorial day monday here on c-span3. this weekend, an american history tv, historian henry louis gates talks about reconstruction and the croweuent jim laws used in southern states to reestablish white supremacy. here is a preview. henry: but systematically, former-step, the confederate wrote the south indeed rose again, and they disenfranchise the black man, and they did it in such a clever way, you could not -- what are you going to do? your 13th, 14th, and 50 the memos are ratified, right? around them.t starting in 1890 was something called the mississippi plan. there were state constitutions, which then unfolded over 16 years in each of the former confederate states, and that is when they established poll taxes, literacy test, comprehensiv comprehension testt only a law professor c

at the very same time, when you have received this momentous mission, leading the invasion of france. the pot we have done enough. we are supposed to go home and train new people to do this. combat soldiers always think, once they have done their battle they have done enough. a lot was riding on who the successor would be. he comes to the big red one, late summer of 1943 or early fall. he couldn't be more different than alan. he was an earthy guy who didn't worry about whether your uniform is rumpled or whether you saluted the proper way. as long as you are a good soldier. he comes in with a spit and polish feel. the soldiers initially hated him. he is making us lace up leggings and do this stuff. why do we have to deal with this nonsense. he didn't know any better. was 55 years old in 1944. he had joined the army as a private soldier initially. he had worked his way up to the ranks. he was a commander in world war i. he was badly wounded in compound of a battalion. it have been decorated with a distinguished cost. what division to be served? first division. you guessed it. >> hardly

as the pathfinders head for the coast of france, other sec-47's move into position at the head of the runway. 30 minutes after the pathfinders first c-47's follow on the invasion path. ♪ narrator: as troop carrier aircraft cross the channel, the allied invasion fleet has already weighed anchor. atling had been forecast variable,ute, buit is 500 to 1000. visibility is poor. stand up! >> ready. shoulder. >> stand at door! >> ready, with green. >> go! ♪ >> the unit landed squarely on the german 91st infantry division and other enemy troops. the troops were on maneuvers and were already occupying assigned defensive positions. surprise was only gained by the leading parachute unit, and subsequent units found themselves under practically continuous ground and antiaircraft fire crossing the peninsula and on land. 821 airplane loads, 13,000 paratroops delivered in less than two hours. troop carrier had not planned a train for a night glider landing. but more panzers moving into the peninsula made 100 gliders of antitank guns essential. it was estimated only 50% of personnel and equipment

and at the same time when you have received this momentous mission of leading the invasion of france which they also deeply resented because they thought we've done enough. we're supposed to go home and train new people to do this kind of stuff. combat soldiers think they've done their battle, they've done enough, let someone else carry the load. a lot was riding on who the successor would be. it was major general clarence hugher who comes to the big red one in early fall. he couldn't be more different than terry allen. terry allen was an earthy guy, didn't necessarily worry whether your uniform was rumpled, whether you saluted the proper way. hugher comes in with a spit and polish feel to him and the soldiers initially hated him. this guy is making us salute. he's making us lace up our legs. that's rear echelon basic training kind of stuff. so, there are these rumors around that hubner was a sort of desk jock ki who didn't know better and was coming the in telling them what to do. they didn't know his background. he was 55 years old in 1944. he joined the army as a private soldier i

was doing this, he realized this was a catastrophic war with people starving in belgium and northern france. so he stepped in immediately, and hoover and his wife were -- and his wife was at your mental and helping him as well. basically, he saved millions of people during the war, and millions more after the war in about 20 countries or so. here is a lovely quote here. "this structure is dedicated to the use and preservation of the collection of books and manuscripts on war, revolution, and peace." peace was very important, of course, to herbert hoover. he also came from a quaker background, and his motto was to study war in order to avoid war. to promote peace, you have to understand the consequences and the origins of war. there is another wonderful quote from his speech in 1941 there. over the elevator that goes to the top of the tower. "the purpose of this institution is to promote peace. its record stands as a challenge to those who promote war. they should attract those who search for peace. i therefore dedicate this building to these purposes." so we are now about to enter herbert h

. >> june 6th will mark 75 years since the allied d-day invasion of normandy, france. tonight, john mcmanus talks about his book, "the dead and those about to die," which tells the story of the u.s. army's first infantry division, the first combat soldiers to storm the beaches on d-day. that's at 8:00 eastern here on c-span3. >>> watch commencement speeches all week on c-span. tonight, at 8:00 eastern, speakers include supreme court justice, sonia sotomayor. at manhattan college in the bronx. businesswoman and philanthropist cindy mccain at the george washington university school of international affairs. and we'll look back to june 1990 and former first lady barbara bush, speaking at wellesley college. watch commencement speeches tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. watch online any time on c-span.org and listen on the free c-span radio app. >>> reno had been called the biggest city on the map starting in 1910. and what it meant is that for its size, there was so much excitement and culture and action happening in reno that it really was the biggest little city aro

they would bring horses from france. they have this improvement notion that you could bring the best of everything to california and make it even better. this is what leland stanford was doing at the palo alto stockroom. and then of course, we have the tragic death of their only son. leland stanford junior. i had to have something that had a train in it as i know that is why you are all here. they owned the railroad and they had a private rail car. leland junior came home across the continent to his funeral on a train car. this is the turning point really in the stanford lives. so, they conceive of this project which is all part of their great colonial civilizing of the west project which is improve the people of california, improve the children of california for education. so, they found the university. this is one of my favorite early ground pictures of the university. i particularly love it because it shows you how huge the museum was. it was considered to be a parallel institution to the university. they were buildin

they served in france, england and germany. they were promised benefits and never got them until 1977. they call them the hello girls. another pivotal point i would say with world war i. women were crying to have the vote and full citizenship. one of the arguments against having giving them the vote was they didn't fulfill the duties of the citizen. they did not serve in the military. there were women serving in world war i and the military. certainly the nurses were used as an example that indeed, women are performing the full requirements. it was the service of military women in world war i that was the tipping point to give women the vote in the passage of the 19th amendment. >> this is helene -- . she served during world war i. she came by when we were first formed and wanted to make sure we were not a scam. she was so wedded to the memorial, her family when she passed away gave us her world war i victory metal. when she visited, she opened her purse. she showed us her dogtags. she had carried the sense world war i. to set

the d-day invasion took place in normandy, france, on june 6th, 1944. >>> and coming up live here on c-span3 in about an hour, former fda commissioner scott gottlieb will be speaking and taking questions at the national press club. that's live at 1:00 eastern. you can also follow our coverage live online at c-span.org or use the free c-span radio app. >>> two members of congress joining us this morning to talk about their newly formed caucus and the role that veterans play. this is representative jimmy panetta of california and representative don bacon of nebraska, republican from that state. both of them representing the four country caucus. both serve as co-chairs. good morning to both of you. talk a little bit about the formation of this caucus, particularly its name and what you plan to do with it. >> look, i think, you know, during my last term and my first term, it got to a point where the only bipartisanship you were seeing was when you would turn on the tv was about funerals of statesmen, be it john mccain, george h.w. bush, or john dingell rece

they would bring horses from france. they had this improvement notion that you could bring the best of everything to california and it even better. this is what leland stanford was doing at the palo alto stock farm. then, of course, we have the leland and janeel stanford's only son, leland jr.ford i had to pick a clipping that had a train in it for you, because i know that's why you are here, because you love the trains. they owned the railroad. they had a private train, a rail car. leland jr. came home across the funeral on ahis train car. pointis is the turning really in the stanfords' lives. thisey conceive of project, which is actually -- of their great colonial civilizing of the west theect, which is to improve people of california, improve the children of california through education. they found the university. this is one of my favorite grounds pictures of the university. you how huge the museum was there. bewas actually considered to a parallel institution to the university. they were building a university a muse

they served in france, england, and germany. they were promised veterans benefits. never got them until 1977. but they call them the hello girls. another pivotal point, i would say, with world war i. you know, of course women were crying to have the vote, to have full citizenship. one of the arguments against having -- giving them the vote was the fact they didn't fulfill the duties of a citizen. i.e., they didn't serve in the military. but those women who served during world war i in the military and certainly the nurses were used as sort of the example that, indeed, women are serving, performing their full citizen requirements. so it was actually the service of military women in world war i that was sort of the tipping point to give women the vote in the passage of the 19th amendment. this is helene coxhead. helene was a woman who served during world war i. she came by when we were first formed, wanted to make sure we weren't a scam. and she was so wedded to this memorial. her family, when helene passed away, gave us her world war i victory medal. when she visited

we're strafing too long, southern france, radar stations. we did not know that the invasion of southern france came off on august 15th. our job was to knock off the radar stations, which controlled the guns firing out to sea. well, we went in, first flight, second flight, third flight, fourth flight. and out of the fourth flight, who's the last guy to go across the target? me. you look up ahead and you see all of this stuff coming back at you. i went right across the top of the target and something said boom, i said what's the hell is going on? fire came up out of the floor. so i had to bail out. and here we are doing -- we were doing about 400 miles an hour because we'd pushed everything to the wall. so i said to myself remember now out of ten months -- nine months of training not one minute on how to bail out. so you rise to the occasion. pull back on a stick, get some goddamn altitude, and as you go up you reach down on the left side, there's a little wheel that you rotate for nose down. as you turn the stick loose, your nose goes down. p

>> professor: france. -- >> france. professor: yeah. the french. quebec are the lost colony. nevertheless, the french are looking for revenge. they have hated the british for time immemorial. this is a chance to get back at them. fans may try a little backstabbing later on but yeah. we do have that. england, they are the baddest empire in the world. everybody hates them. to ouruse that advantage, get some help on our size. -- side. anything else? >> a lot of areas, a friendly population. professor: the civilians. already. again, it goes back to the fact that this is home. washington really does insist that his men treat them nicely. whereas the british just trample over them, take advantage of the loyalists. they really should've treated them with a bit more respect. >> i think the militia is really unique because it gives the , they have a lot of fighting experience but it also gives them the ability to quickly mobilize. whereas the redcoats need to ship troops over or pull from loyalist population pools. the militia can instantaneously organize and fade back into the commun

this collection is quite interesting, because it stayed in paris after the fall of the years, untily france recognized the soviet union. at that point, the ambassador packed up the collection and shipped it to hoover and said, "please keep it until i die." when he died, we opened it up, and it showed how the secret police force worked in the early 20th century, and the activities of that secret police force affected the way the kgb was formed. intelligence agents around the world. one of the most interesting collections. freeis man shows the radio europe target countries. bulgaria, romania, hungary, czechoslovakia. 80 million people who lost their freedom after world war ii. . and my colleagues there are over 500 czars working, actors, announcers, researchers, monitors. my job is news casting. reading the news in my native language, polish. [speaking foreign language] >> radio free europe and more and soviet bloc towards western ideas and culture, and so this collection has thousands of broadcasts in dozens of different languages, right? so a very large and rich collection. it is also, as y

d-day invasion of nazi occupied france. a documentary details the planning, training, and combat operations of d-day. here is a preview. [video clip] ♪ >> loaded with supplies before he lands. ♪ >> board the ships that will still into enemy territory. ♪ 925 home tonight on a set up by these pathfinders. of one hournute out and one day in the world's history. it has rarely been equaled. these are the first ships to take off in the airborne invasion. flying] airborne.one was >> watch the entire film "normandy," the fortress europe on real america. you are watching american history tv. next, on american history next, author albert zambone discusses the life of revolutionary war general daniel morgan, including , and has experience in the french and indian war, and his role in pivotal victories over the british in the 1777 battles of saratoga and 1781 battle of cowpens. the american revolution institute of the society of cincinnati hosted the event. >> tonight's talk is on a book that explores the life and legacy of danie

it stayed in paris after the the czars for many years until france union.zed the soviet at that point the ambassador packed up the collection and andped it to hoover said please keep it until i die. when he died in the 1950s we opened the collection up an amount of great interest because it showed how a secret police force early 20thhe century and the activities of that secret police force affected the way the kgb was organized. it was studied by intelligence scholars, intelligence agents around ourworld, it's one of most interesting collections. forhis map shows radio europe's target countries, -- a total of 80 million people lost their after world war ii. i and my colleagues are exiled through communism. actors,e editors, announcers, researchers, monitors. casting, news reading the news in my polish.anguage, [speaking polish] >> our largest collection by volume is the radio for europe radio liberty records and broadcasts that are here at hoover. for europe and radio liberty were radio broadcasts that were intended to influence the soviet bloche towards western ideas and culture. and

to my left, frances z. brown. she has decades of experience working in conflict zones and fragile states. she recently served on staff as trek tore for democracy. she has a lot of experience understanding how post conflict stabilization and democracy building can be done in the greater middle east. to her left is hasan hasan. director of the program on nonstate actors and fragile environments at the center for global policy. hasan is the co-author of "the new york times" best seller, isis, inside the armor of terror which has become a how-to manual on how to understand isis. he's a renowned expert on jihadist movements. his articles are some of the best i've ever read on how to understand how isis and other jihadi organizations function. last but not least, we have a doctoral student at georgetown university law and a next generation here at cnsa. she's an expert on democracy build in the middle east. she has a lot of experience working inside syria with syrian-run organizations and consulting with other internati

is that too negative an assessment of what zelensky faces and are the forces so entrenched in france it's hard enough for macron, but he's not dealing with the same kind of level of state capture obviously. >> i think it's a very realistic assessment of what is going on, and the previous two presidents of ukraine, it wasn't just about the capture of the state by different groups. both of them were oligarchs. oligarchs in the making. poroshenko has been an oligarch, so it's just one oligarch group, so what you see is there would be a revolt on a certain level of other oligarchs. this is important part. the tv support for mr. zelensky from a number of oligarchs from colamisky to vetovechkin, it is strong indication they were not happy with what was happening with mr. portia. mr. zelensky, what we have now it's well documented fact that he is a business partner of one of those oligarchs but it's also a change that for the first time of the previous two presidents were oligarchs in their own right, this one is a surely not an oligarch and there is a reason to believe that the money that

collection is interesting because it stayed in paris after the fall of the czars for many years until france recognized the soviet union. at that point the ambassador packed up the collection and shipped it to hoover and said please keep it until i die. when he died in the 1950's, we opened the collection up and was an amount of great interest because it showed how a secret police force worked in the early 20th century and the activities of that secret police force affected the way the kgb was organized in the soviet union. it was studied by intelligence scholars, intelligence agents around the world, it's one of our most interesting collections. this map shows radio for europe's target countries, bulgaria, romania, hungary, poland, a total of 80 million people lost their freedom after world war ii. i and my colleagues are exiled through communism. there almost 500 exiles, editors, actors, announcers, researchers, monitors. my job is news casting, reading the news in my native language, polish. [speaking foreign language] our largest collection by volume is the radio for europe radio liberty

southern france. radar station. we did not know that the invasion of southern france came up on august 15. our job was to knock off the radar station which controlled the guns firing to see. the first flight, second flight, third flight. fourth flight and on the fourth flight who was the last guy to go across the target? me. you look up ahead and you see all of this stuff coming back at you. i went right across the top of the target and something said boo. i said what is going on? i had to bail out. so here we are doing about 400 miles an hour. i said to myself remember now, out of 10 months, nine months of training not one minute on how to bail out. [ laughter ] so you rise to the occasion. back on a stick, get some altitude, and as you go up there's a little wheel that you rotate. if you turn the stick loose your nose goes down. pull that sucker up anyway. i don't know how i got high. all i know is we got pretty warm. i had to get out. as you are going up you pull a red knob and the canopy comes off. and you get u

the experience have been key witnesses to some of these national cases so there's an investigation of france based on nationals that were tortured to death, there's a case in sweden that was more recently opened under universal jurisdiction. but i also know there are swedish citizens that were tortured to death but it's difficult. when it comes to people speaking up they have the rest of their extended family so it's hard to get witnesses and the huge black hole taking care of families of victims and witnesses that are key to these prosecutions. in germany i think that's where we've had a lot of success. the law firm has been working there on behalf of former detainees that became refugees to germany. they had universal jurisdiction if it finds that it's within the national interest to pursue the case. finally in spain there is the case as well based on a lady whose brother was tortured to death in syria. it's not an option. there is no sort of tribunal. we've been reliant on some of the prosecutions and i believe that the united states is another place where a case can be opened whether it'

southern france, radar stations, we didn't know the invasion of southern france came on august the 15th. our job was to knock out the radar stations. we went in, first flight, second flight, third flight. fourth flight, on the fourth flight, the last guy to cross the target? me. you look up ahead and you see all of this stuff coming back at you. i went across the top of the target and something says boom. i said what is going on. fire came up out of the floor, so i had to bailout. here we are doing about 400 miles per hour. we forced everything to the wall. so i said to myself, remember now, out of ten, nine months of training, not one minute on how to bailout. so you rise to the occasion. pull back on the stick, get some altitude, and as you go up you're looking down at a little wheel you rotate for nose down. if you turn the stick county your nose goes down. i don't know how i got up, all i know is it got pretty warm. i had to get out. as you're goes up you reach up and put a knob and the canopy and it goes off. i got up high, i turned the stick loose and when you do what happens to t

she was a creole, she was educated in france and as a child, she was bequeathed to the wealthy, second wealthiest creole family. and later on they married. he went into politics in louisiana because they had more rights than during that time before the war. but when the war came, josephine daquier, and i wish i could spend more time discussing her because when i say what i am going to say next i am sure it is going to give you a jolt. josephine daquier was a slaveholder. i know. and josephine daquier, i had a chance to speak with a family member and i was told that she was not a brutal slaveholder, she was indeed a slaveholder. a creole in louisiana. and she lost her slaves, she lost her husband. and she lost a great deal of her property during the civil war. afterwards, alone, she still kept her great pride. she lost so much of her land due to heavy taxes. and she was trying to do business and traveling on a steamship, she bought a ladies ticket, for first-class travel, and just like the trains, the steamships had ladies cars, ladies cars on the trains and ladies rooms and these ladie

i know that frances perkins was clearly inspired to go about her life's work. ed mentioned the high number of deaths related to workplace issues earlier today. i want to know about workplace compliance certifications. i know that some of the recent factory fires have been in factories that were already worked is compliance certified. i would like to know, whoever wants to answer this, think of the next steps in the development of workplace safety and what citizens and countries and governments to better ensure that working conditions are guaranteed. >> first question and the second question around occupation. >> on the first one, i think people, countries will have to make up and societies will have to make up their minds if this type of service is something they want to see. the president has been talking precisely. some people see these parts of the story and others may not but what i think is clear is that we do have to do a great deal better than current dispensations allow us. it's not really a question, just making that education to work once and forever.

they were hard to get, often imported from france. rubber increases the available types of contraception. also there are drug companies are sprouting up. one thing they find profitable in the 1850's and 1860's is to make solutions for postcoital douching, which is a common birth control practice. there is a lot of products that prop up in the 1850's and 860's. somewhat as a backlash, legislation gets past in the 1870's tamping down on the availability of birth control. there is a golden moment of birth control, then it gets squashed pretty quickly. for the last third of the century it is hard to get legal birth control. that means there is an underground market, but you don't know how much about the safety or efficacy of those products. steve: when did that change? sharon: it started to change a little bit with margaret sanger in the 1920's. slowly she and other birth control advocate start to chip away. there is a federal law, and there is a lot of state law. the federal law was a postal law about mailing contraception and informatio

frances willard, the founder of the women's can temperance issue and other issues women embraced. the first woman to run for president of the united states in 1884 and 1888, who knew that there was a woman running for president in 1884, 40 years before we got to vote. elza and lockwood was a dar. the composer of the battle hymn of the republic was a feminist and active in women rights and was an early dar. this is a whole exhibit with testament to the dar. elsewhere we point out that there were many women involved in the leadership and the red cross which we are about to see. women who were involved in higher education in the college section and so on. so, dar was at the forefront of all of this. now i mentioned that in world war i these suffragists were addressing president wilson on bringing issues of the wartime draft and so on to the forefront. but in addition to the suffrage issue we also had women entering volunteer work as well as paid work in world war i in many ways and many areas. here we are focusing on the red cross volunteers and workers. because the red cross was cer