, academia, and the private sector are important. a concerted effort here will lead to innovation tied to design and development of doe's next-generation supercomputing, that will merge big data, artificial intelligence and high-performance computing. the better healthcare, our strategy for precision medicine, through supercomputing and artificial intelligence -- when and how to treat our veterans to improve outcomes and control cost. for better science, via a cadre of researchers and clinicians, who specialize in healthcare with boe experts and big data ai and high-performance computing. it to better government via interagency collaborations, ringing to bear the full capabilities and expertise within public and private partnerships. thank you. i look forward to answering your questions. >> thank you. we now recognize mr. meek for his testimony. >> chairman comstock, lipinski -- technology. chairman weber and ranking member johnson of subcommittee of energy. members about subcommittees. thank you for having me here today. on september 11, 2001, i was running -- operations for goldman sach

, academia and industry will have to work together. this will require better understanding of ai in all three branches of government. ai is simply too important to be owned by private interests alone and publicly funded research and education can provide a more transparent foundation for its development. next, academia has a unique opportunity to elevate our understanding and development of this technology. universities are a perfect environment for studying its effect on our world as well as supporting cross disciplinary, next generation ai research. finally, businesses must develop a better balance between their responsibility to shareholders and their obligations to their users. commercial ai products have the potential to change the world rapidly and the time has come to compliment this ambition with ethical socially conscious policies. human center ai means keeping humans at the heart of this technologies development. unfortunately, lack of diverse recommendation remains a crisis in ai. women hold a fraction of high-tech positions and even fewer at executive level. and this is even

sector and academia, as needed. we bring in as many people as we can because we recognize it's going to be an all of the above type of activity to answer these priority areas that the veterans administration has defined. >> so, i mean, actually, that's a perfect marriage, if you will, in that we have that ability and we're able to do that, and thereby, do away with this stigma, do away with the nonability to not work with outside groups and make this as seamless as possible. i'm still going to come back to you for one more. these research partnerships have the potential to accelerate scientific breakthrough in health care delivery systems and bio sciences. should the department replicate this model in other fields of research, and what steps can we as congress take to facilitate that? >> so, i think the answer is yes in terms of replication. our focal point right now has been on the veterans health data and on the precision medicine data set because of its unique complexities, because it comes with annotations, with handwritten notes, with data streams and imagery and the collections

would be owned by the v.a. as well as industry partners or academia as well and so that is a way, a method in which the technology that is developed by funding support through the v.a. that can be brought out and benefit civilians so we do a lot of that in fact and i think it's a great mechanism. i will say that, you know, in terms of technology transfer, i think if certain mechanisms could be developed within the v.a. to help that -- to help advance that process it would certainly be beneficial because there is a lot of great technology developed in the v.a. and these efforts and the funding through the v.a. does support that and i think trying to get that out to the civilian population would certainly be of great benefit. >> love to see that. my time has expired. thanks so much for your time. i yield back. >> thank you, and i now recognize mr. mcinerney for five minutes. >> i thank the chair and committee for having this hearing. i got excited listening to your tim but i'll start with d dr.kusnez. a federal sentist wking for thea. v.ade more than $400 million when he sold the comp

government, academia, and industry. i'm jeff isaacson, the president of the space research association, usra. this symposium is held in conjunction with the 49th annual meeting of the counsel of substitutions which includes representatives from each one 106 member universities which are associated with the usra. it's an understatement to say that we at usra have a special interest in the moon. our founding 49 years ago was linked to the establishment of a lunar science institute in houston which just celebrated the 50th anniversary a week and a half ago. this was the forerunner to the lunar and planetary institute which usra manages for nasa and serves the planetary science community. today just like during the apollo area, partnerships are a critical component for success. not just to get us back to the moon but to take full advantage of our presence there. both scientifically and tech logically and to enable continuing exploration beyond lunar space. on behalf of usra and other member universities, i'd like to thank our speakers and panelists for volunteering their time. i'd especial

not not to say the ivory tower of academia is like the be all, end a it's it's riddled with problems and very slow and incredibly we're we're all somewhat aware -- >> how are you making sure the right scientists get the funds they need? >> we're a different kind of one one of the things that got me to do this that motivated me, i looked at all these charities that were set up that were disease specific and they did a great job with the prostate foundation and pancreatic has a big one and, you know, there's several colorectal ones. they're very disease specific. they basically sprinkle like little grants on a bunch of like like a little fairy dust here and there. the bulk of the research funding is still coming from the nci and should be. we need to continue to fund the nih, the plug for like funding nih and nci. >> do you expect that funding to continue in divided government? >> we've done a great job with 21st century cures at the end of the obama administration. that ended up getting fully funded in the gop backed funding >> >> what about now? >> you know, when we -- we just succee

originally intended goals. academia and industry are also partners on grid modernizational research. texas tech university hosts the global laboratory for energy asset management and manufacturing or gleam facility that works to develop innovative power technologies and information delivery technology. gleam focus on wind, solar, battery storage, cyber security, and microgrid technology that is will all encompass the electrical grid of the future. advance grid technologies 6:00 a significant impact when the grid is faced with weather related event that is can threaten reliability. this month brings the official start of the 2018 hurricane season and last year communities in my home state of texas as well as florida and puerto rico lost power. modern grid technology in texas such as the use of smart meters were able to identify power outages and quickly help restore power after hurricane harvey. unfortunately, while they have made significant progress rebuilding capabilities, there are still communities in puerto rico without power. that's what d.o.e., o.e., and five national labs led by ar

from a robust partnership with business, labor and academia. there is no reason our own students cannot have better access to those same opportunities here at home. and please let me recognize the chairs of that delegation who are in the gallery today. former u.s. ambassador to switzerland susie levine and her husband eric levine. thank you for your visionary leadership. we appreciate that. thank you. thank you. [ applause ] you can go to tacoma and see for yourself how this works. and it was a joy last year when i got to celebrate our state's first 15 registered youth apprentices as they prepared to launch rewarding careers in aerospace. let's expand that opportunity as well as apprenticeship programs for our veterans and other washingtonians in the coming years. this session -- [ applause ] this session, let's leave a legacy of compassion by continuing our work on behavorial health care. this is a persistent challenge that intersects our efforts to independent homelessness, to improve our criminal justice system and to combat an opioid epidemic that kills an average of two wash

-- has to do with the changing labor force composition in academia. there are fewer tenured track slots. there are often 200 applicants for a single job. but, that is one of the reasons why we have put so much effort in the past five years into thinking hard about what a phd is for. what is the purpose of the history phd? is it only to become a professor? 25% of all history phd's are not professors of any kind. they are not lecturers, adjuncts, teaching at the college level. some of them are teaching high school, but a lot of those history phd's are in the private sector. or they work for the government, , the public-sector, investment banking, marketing. just about everything. so, what we are trying to do now is to help graduate programs rethink their phd program in terms of how they prepare people for a variety of careers. susan: how much hunger is there among the academy in particular to learn digital technology? and are you, in fact, helping to train people on the importance of using twitter, of having a facebook presence, blogs? james: we don't have to teach 20-year-olds the

? academia? government? not-for-profit? >> i think there are -- no is the short answer. i think there are entities, organizations and companies across the board that are doing it well, and i think there are many that need to do it better. and i don't think there is one particular industry that is standing out and leading the way. >> i get that question all the time. i can't really come up with one. one reason i think, and an important point i want to get to, i think one of the reasons there is so much difficulty across the board is we had treated these issues like legal liability limitations. you think about your sexual harassment training, historically, it has probably been legal liability limitation training. not training to the culture you want. that was best practice in the past, but it has led to the workplace cultures because the law is really limited. there's a lot of bad behavior that is not illegal like, if you have a guy who is just bad to everyone, not based on gender or race, that is not illegal. it is probably actually defense. they're people accused of engaging in sexual

nick and talk to the business world or academia? >> what prepared me for the business world? >> the leadership and training you had in the army, how did that translate to morgan stanley and those, etc.? >> my family was an army family. they were all soldiers. was, i had a graduate degree from georgetown in the graduate school of arms service in the army and taught after that. i thought i was going back to troops, but i was assigned to six army staff in san francisco. still cannot figure that one out . i was eight years and grade as a captain and that is how slow promotions worked after vietnam. i was not good be picked up ahead of the zone. for major. e took the graduate , apply to sanford, and was accepted to the business school. i thought that was great. i called an entry branch and said i have great news, in the assignment officer, some poor guy with a bunch of requirements on his desk said was the good news. i said i have been accepted to the number one business school in the united states. he said we are building the army down. i said only a bureaucrat from washington could use

we don't have to, because the culture of academia is extraordinarily conservative and in many classes students know there are kinds of questions they are not allowed to ask. our job is masters of inquiry. we decide what kind of inquiry we want to see fostered. i think all of these schools represented here have admission policies. none of these schools believe in unfettered diversity. we all have extremely selective admission policies, which allows us to say some things we want to pursue and other things we don't. i think if you approach this with the thought that everyone can come to the marketplace, that is a fantasy of american democracy and academia. carol: of course disciplines , have rules. there is analytical rigor. there are better questions than worse questions. i don't think anyone would take the position you have outlined. michael: i think you said unfettered inquiry and diversity is essential for the pursuit of research. -- or inquiry. sure, but it's also essential you limit them. i think you just called me an "ignorant slut." carol: i said what you was was a carica

with us as well, we are trying to set the conditions to have stronger relationships with academia in particular. but also industry. >> insider business, we have been doing this for quite a while, with federally funded research and development centers, with labs, mit, folks like carnegie mellon emma they will actually attend our science and technology workshop next week, where we are really taking a look at what we are investing in, where we need to make adjustments we can make recommendations. we are trying to on board folks that have been in the business for a while to help us check ourselves and make sure, again, we have come in the network especially, industry, the government and academia, there are partnerships through organizations that have been institutionalizing these relationships over the years. we are trying to exploit that to our advantage of that make sense. we are doing it, right now. we are bringing in a few trusted advisors that have been doing this for a while. >> i think we will wrap it up after this one. i want to thank all of you for coming and please join me i

, very diverse population, academia, industry, with inside our government. it is critical to attract our best and brightest people. >> general, were you familiar with nsa 21? >> yes, mr. chairman, i am. >> would you comment on your views of that initiative, which is to prepare for the 21st century a more efficient, effective nsa. >> mr. chairman, nsa 21, as i understand it is the largest reorganization of the agency since 2000. that's significant if you consider the fact 70% of the agency has been hired since 9/11. it was designed to improve, obviously and focus on people, integration and innovation. it was designed to address a number of changes in our environment, changes to network, changes to competition for the work force, changes to the budget. i would say, to date, it has been at the end of 2017, so, if confirmed, i would ask if i could have a bit of time to take a look, evaluate what has been done, look at what has been successful, what may need assessment and continue that dialogue with the committee. >> you have a commitment to do that. with that, my time is expired. the vi

committee. there's no question about it. and once you get all the academia behind you, it still comes down to who are those who are less fortunate that we need to give more concern to? and that's where we are. and i'm hopeful that eventually that we can get there because they are the ones who wake up tomorrow with nothing on the table. and i yield back, mr. chairman. >> are there other amendments to title iv? well, everybody had a five-minute bite at the apple. are there other amendments? recognize mr. walsh for five minutes. >> that's why i'm going to yield to one of those smart people, mr. mcgovern. >> i thank the gentleman for yielding. i'm amazed at how this markup has evolved. in the beginning, my friends on the other side were talking about how these provisions were the greatest thing since slice bread. they were wonderful and then mr. davis basically said don't pay attention to what's in the bill. you may think it's bad but this is the beginning of a process. it will change and change and maybe get better. here is a radical idea. why don't we start off with the very best product we

discoveries that are funded are funded by taxpayers at the nih, the d.o.d. and through american academia. so taxpayers have a lot of skin in this game already. not knocking the pharmaceuticals, you all help bring it to market but a lot of those game changing discoveries are already paid for by the american people. second, every system is designed to get the results it gets. and the way the market works in biomedical innovation today, you only make money by charging higher prices in the product you're replacing. if that was true in a consumer electronics, this iphone would be a $250,000. so one thing, rand wrote about this in 2013, if we rethink how we run the markets, in bio medical research and reward innovation, it lowers prices, and gives rewards to the public, i think american ingen new ty will knock this thing out of the park. until we do, we will try to replace drugs with more expensive drug technology, with more expensive technologies. we need to change the underlying market signals. like you all, i believe in the market but we have a market that rewards higher prices instead of a mar

government academia and industry to really win the critical war with cyber talent. on the battlefield digital merges with air, sea, land and space to create a complex and domain called cyberspace. across all of those domains it's a proven partner to our government on programs paramount to the success of the national security for over 80 years. and we partner every day with forces, with government, with academia and other leaders in the industry to develop a multi domain and greater capabilities created for our warfares and defense of the nation. but the cyber battlefield and rapidly expanding and responding beyond the tradition borders of war. cyber threats are becoming more common, more sophisticated and their ability to disrupt our daily lives is unprecedented. and the ability to protect our nation and our allies in cyberspace is increasingly challenged based on a worldwide shortage in technical talent especially cyber talent. global predictions suggest there will be 3.5 million unfilled cyber jobs by 2021. as government, military and society in general become increasingly dependent

committee. there's no question about it. and once you get all the academia behind you, it still comes down to who are those who are less fortune that we need to give more concern to. and that's the way we are. i'm hopeful that eventually we can get there because they're the ones who wake up tomorrow with nothing on the table. i yield back, mr. chairman. >> yields back. are there others? >> everybody had it. are there other members? >> that's why i'm going to yield to one of those smart people. >> thank you for yielding and, you know, i'm amazed at how this mark up has evolved. in the beginning, my friends on the other side were talking about how these provisions are the greatest things since sliced bread. they're wonderful. and then i'm call plg davis basically saying don't pay attention to what is in the bill. you may think it's bad but, you know, this is a beginning of a process and it will change and change and get better. here's a radical idea. why not start off with the best possible product. why isn't that where we begin? rather than something that nobody knows very much about. in te

one, people who have been trained in academia, wonderfully trained in academia in many cases, and who study american political institutions, using the tools, the concepts, the categories, the empirical techniques of political science. we here at brookings are committed to the proposition there is much to be learned about american political institutions through the practice of that trade. but there is a second way of studying american political institutions, the scholar practitioner or the practitioner scholar. and ira shapiro is the latter. he began his government career, i'll let the number out of the bag, just a little shy of 50 years ago as an intern to the late, great republican senator jac jacob j jacob javvits. among his distinguished practitioner career, he served as legislative legal counsel to the great environmental senator gaylord nelson. he served as counsel to the master of the senate rule book, majority leader robert bird as chief of staff to senator j. rockefeller. and in addition to his senate service, he has occupied senior positions in the office of the u.s. trad

automotive industry, prior to two-and-a-half years in academia where i led smart mobility and smart city research, now am fully into nonprofit research side of the business. when we look at the automotive industry today, it's really in a critical period of disruption. on one side, sales are booming. even though we had a slight drop off in the past fiscal year, and we're seeing high profit models, suvs, crossovers, full size pickup trucks providing profitability at levels we haven't seen in some time. on the other side, there's a strong need for technology and power trains and electrification, combined with autonomous connected vehicle technology that are stretching the limits in terms of talent and dollars. really, in order to provide the vast array of technologies required to meet the global standards, because our automakers are global for co2, et cetera, portfolios required are diverse and challenging. to remain competitive, the automakers must comply with all of the regulatory environments, including those that are most aggressive globally. we've seen nearly all of the automakers

permanent positions in diplomacy and academia serving for example is the national security council's director of european and soviet affairs, during the administration of president george w. bush. >> what concerns us today, her service on the national security council in the white house of ronald reagan. a resident scholar at the university of california berkeley, a fellow at ashland university, a fellow at the pacific research institute, and a frequent contributor to

ambassador has held a number of prominent positions in diplomacy and academia, serving as the national security council's director of soviet and european affairs during the ministry should of george w. bush -- administration of george

security agencies, emotional organizations, academia and nonprofits leverage emerging remote sensing capabilities and advances in machine learning technologies. erin hawley is of publicresident sector at data robot. she can type more about how that works, she works closely with federal government users. they have a very substantial commercial business as well, using their ai to draw insights of data.e volumes to her left is david a sparrow. he is a researcher at the institute for defense analysis. they were regulars at the workshop so i want to thank them for that. he has a phd in physics from m.i.t. he spent 12 years as an academic physicist and then joined i.d.e.a. in 1996 because his work on technology, insertion and ground combat platforms and recently has gone on a deep dive on the challenges of autonomous systems, technological maturity , and intelligence machines and on test and evaluation verification of validation of autonomous systems driven by artificial intelligence. thank you for joining us this morning. giving eachart by of our panelists and opportunity to give a few th

economy, your price will rise infinitely. health care suffers from this. academia. we embrace technology in every day. i have a punch line i'm working forward. we have 175 technology partners on campus allowing us to project awe of campus. scale. all campuses sit in an isolated interactive arena where they believe they have to solve everything themselves. their scale is what they think of as the learners who come to their campus. if you don't finish, you're a dropout and a castoff. you're a castaway. we decided to change the scale of the focus of the institution to social scale. could we help ten corporations or big companies like starbucks to graduate another 100,000 people over a certain number of years? could we scale or find a way to work with the k-12 community? we did. we have a platform. could we build charter schools to prove certain things and integrate them? the answer is yes. would we combine excellence and access into a single institution? academic excellence means you allow thundershow allow your faculty members who think well of themselves. if you call it a college or unive

other experiences in academia and the practice-- >> some people used to say i couldn't keep a job. >> will you kept getting promoted.>>-- well, you kept getting promoted. >> that's a way to say it. >> what do you draw on most as your day-to-day work? >> the first is kind of obvious which is before i was a justice, the immediately preceding job was a solicitor general. you think a lot about the supreme court. all you do every day is think about how to convince nine justices of the court to agree with the government's position on various things. i used to think the only difference my current job is trying to convince eight justices. it's a job where you are-- the solicitor general actually supervises all appellant practice but the main job is to think about supreme court business, what the court is taking and should be taking. i used to go to every argument that anybody participated in and that was about three orders. in a single term i would go to about 60 arguments, watch the court think about what they were interested in and the things they were thinking about. right briefs to th

that familiar with and i think he valued that. >> so you and i had the same path academia and being a governor and then going for a period. >> yes. >> that was a great job. i like that job. >> thank you. >> tell us about your experience with the cea. >> well, the cea was a fascinating job and you're involved with every aspect of economic policy. and inflation was running to around 2% and inflation had piked up. it was terrific. and we were certainly celebrating in the white house. we worked a lot on the budget. and i participated in an event in which we were able to announce that at long last the budget was balanced. we were very concerned as i remain, at least concerned now or more so about the longer run trajectory for the federal debt and worked hard on devising a plan by which, as it went into surplus, we would take those surpluses and pay down the debt and create some additional fiscal space that would be, that wouldn't be all that would be needed to address long-term fiscal issues but it would be down that we worked on that. i suppose more than any other talk there i spent a gre

government and also in academia. the rest of dr. giroir's professional career is far too long to describe here. he is quite a gentleman, but let me include just a few highlights. he chaired the veterans choice act blue ribbon panel from 2014 and 2015. he directed the texas task force on infectious disease preparedness, responses during the ebola emergency, he was ceo of texas a&m's health science center from 2013 and '15, he directed darpa from 2006 to 2008. dr. giroir has authored or co-authored almost 100 peer reviewed scientific invention. he holds a bachelor's degree in biology from harvard and a medical degree from the university of texas southwestern medical center in dallas. i am grateful and i know all members of this committee that this committee will be the first congressional committee to hear from him in his capacity as senior advisor to the secretary on mental health and opioid policy. i'm also delighted to have cms's kim brandt appear before the committee. i was going to say that we used to refer to cms as it's a mess, but she has certainly done best to make it cms. so we wi

seriously, we got boots on the ground. so often with all due respect, we only have people from academia, but this is truly boots on the ground and i can't tell you, i'm so impressed. i'm sorry i had to leave a little earlier. but let me get started. dr. kan, tele medicine, i have a bill we're considering. but the ryan haight act limits expanded access to buprenorphine. and i'm just wondering, if you could speak to that very quickly. about how we could do away with that so that we could be able to prescribe it if we needed to but because of this act as i understand it, we're not able to. >> if we can add it to the recommendation that we can rely on another prior that would be extremely helpful. with my company, we rely on emergency department physicians. we pair with emergency departments to get them started on buprenorphine and quickly matriculated into care. the short version is that the drug dealers are open 24/7. and we need to do the same. >> mr. nance, you mentioned this also about the limitations that ryan haight act is causing us. can you comment on that very quickly? >> can you

. there are plenty of opportunities to engage on these issues in the private-sector, in academia, think tanks like the hudson institute. i think it's simply a matter of remaining current in the literature, coming to events like these, being mindful of unexpected opportunities that will present themselves and, you know, as an illustration of that i can offer my own background. i started working on these issues by accident. i was a young lawyer, fresh off a clerkship here in washington, d.c. with a federal judge when i got hired to work on administrative law issues at the justice department. this was in august of 2001. three weeks later administrative law seemed less important. we had to get very smart on national security and counterterrorism issues pretty quick. it was just that happenstance of being there at that moment in time that i began to develop an interest and focus on these issues. of course, we pray that there's never a catastrophic career shift but mindful of those opportunities or opportunities not like that to just sort of move into a space you fine interesting. remind me o

all our distinguished panelists who are manage the most prominent thinkers in both academia and journal. >> reporter: and add dam, this is your last brookings event you will organize unless i'm forgetting something on our schedule, boy, i will miss you. and those who have done so much work here and thanks to everybody for being here. for nearly a century the ssrc have supported social scientists with innovative verj. as jason -- research. as jason mentioned. it was brought together to examine how transformations in media technology and politics affect each other and how policy might make those interactions more beneficial to democracy and the common good. as a journalist, but at least as important as a citizen who wants democracy to prosper in our country and around the world, i was grateful for the ssrc's involvement in this endeavor. the work that has been completed is a demonstration of vibrancy of the debate over the abilities of the media and democracy and ways new technologies can make enormous contributions to this work while also creating new problems. technology is like

think he valued that. >> so you and i have the same path from academia, being a governor then going to the cea for a period. >> yes. >> that was a great job. i liked that job. tell us about your experience with cea. >> well, the cea was a fascinating job and you're involved with every aspect of economic policy. with respect to, you know, the performance of the macroeconomy, it was a wonderful time, and, know, by the end of the '90s, i think the final month of 1999, the unemployment rate had fallen be to 4%, and inflation was running around 2%. so inflation hadn't picked up. >> familiar. >> it was -- it was terrific, and we were certainly celebrating in the white house. we worked a lot on the budget, and i participated in an event in which we were able to announce that at long last the budget was balanced. we were very concerned, as i remain at least as concerned now or more so, about the longer run trajectory for the federal debt, and worked hard on devising a plan which as the budget went into surplus we would take those surpluses and pay down the debt, and create some additional f

evolution of elected officials and academia. i can tell you in the aftermath of florida in 2000 there was a gigantic level -- there was a canyon of distrust between election officials and those in ca academia. quite frankly, i don't think there was any level of trust between those two. i'm glad to see those two communities have come together. i think taking the approach we need to work together to solve some of these problems. and i think some of that relationship building has produced. we worked with dr. stuart. we did a voter intercept survey. again, one of those mutually beneficial things. it did not cost us a dime, and our local university had students conduct a survey. but before we did it, we engaged people like dr. stuart and said, hey, what kind of questions should we be asking, can you look at your draft questions and provide feedback? and one of it things we looked at was what was the voters ability -- to have the competence of their vote counted? it was interesting because it was quantified the further you get away from your local jurisdiction your level of trust that your

diplomacy and academia serving for example is the national security council's director of european and soviet affairs, during the administration of president george w. bush. >> what concerns us today, her service on the national security council in the white house of ronald reagan. a resident scholar at the university of california berkeley, a fellow at ashland university, a fellow at the pacific research institute, and a frequent contributor to powerline blog.com, doctor steven hayward is the author of a number of books including the magisterial two-volume work, the age of reagan. >>> the founder and president of the institute of world politics, graduate school of national security here in washington, doctor john lynch oski, full-spectrum diplomacy, and grand strategy. like doctor dobry on ski, he served reagan on the national security council in the white house of ronald reagan. investors, doctors, and i have known you all, paul, steve, and john, welcome. >> thank you. >> thank you. >> three quotations. >> [ applause ] >>> three quotations, richard nixon, president richard nixon

to graduate schools. outside of academia, though, lost cause symbols and mythology persisted, arguably into the 21st century. i don't think though, and this is personal opinion, impressionistic, i don't get a sense that the lost cause mythology is as pervasive as it used to be a few decades ago. i think there are various reasons for this. one is the growing diversity of the population, particularly in metropolitan areas of the south. in metro atlanta for instance there are more people living in the region who were born outside of georgia than were born in georgia, so you have had enormous influxes of people into the south from other parts of the country and other parts of the world who are not wedded to, have not heard since childhood the mythology of the lost cause. so i wanted to ask then, can you think of any symbols of the lost cause, arguments of the lost cause, that have persisted into this century, into the 21st century? what are some examples of that? any thoughts, ideas? >> i mean, just in the past year you have had all these arguments about confederate arguments, es

be supported, not only within the industry, but also within academia and international -- >> let me ask one question. what time period are you talking about before this evolution comes to this new alternative rare earth elements that you don't need any more? >> well, we've already seen a significant reduction. even in the very basics that exist today in catalytic converters. probably up to 60% has been reduced. and, again, as we keep finding breakthroughs and better chemical equations in the battery technology, et cetera, that number will continue to come down. if it's going to become zero is anybody's guess. the other thing i want to add on the coal front, i don't think we can negate the fact in some coal plants, producing energy, if you put in the right catalytic converters and others, you can have a pretty efficient plant. so, we can also look at -- >> not when we had an administration that tried to shut us down completely eight years ago. whew, horrible. okay. >> eaton and its vehicle business is not really a player in the battery -- on the battery side of the business so we're