♪ ♪ >>> you're watching "american history tv," only on c-span3. >>> each week "american artifacts" takes you to museums and other historic places to learn about american history. up next we tour the americans exhibit in the national museum of the american indian here in washington, d.c., with curator cecile ga cecile g cecile -- in the pocahontas gallery we see images of the indian princess and learn how she has been used as a symbol of america's founding. >> we are standing in the central gallery of the national museum of the american indians' latest exhibition, "americans." this exhibit was conceived around a premise, and that premise is that most american people today feel that they have very little to do with native americans and that native americans have virtually nothing to do with them or their lives, and we believe that the exact opposite is true, so in this exhibition, the national museum of the american indian is examining the nature of non-native americans' relationship with native americans and we do this through the prism of a national paradox. that paradox is one that is v

many mexican americans and african-american african-americans and japanese-americans, particularly after pearl harbor in december of 1941, support what was known as the double v campaign. the double v campaign was victory abroad, against hitler, mussolini and fascism, but also victory at home for first-class membership in american society. you can't win abroad without also winning at home. but you couldn't fight for american democracy overseas without fighting for equal citizenship on the home front. this became a fundamental and core principle for many mexican-american, african-american and other folks. there were some successes. in civil rights during the war. franklin delano roosevelt, president during the initial years of world war ii signed executive order 8802 that banned discrimination in the workplace and called for fair employment practices. and fair housing opportunities. there were also movements against and resistance to civil rights progress. i remember, we had mexicans becoming a larger portion of american urban fop lagss, we had african-americans migrating internally. to b

we see someone part of the american 93rd, african-american division. they are on the bottom to the right with a french helmet on it. we have the symbol of the 92nd battalion shoulders along them -- soldiers along them. >> and then i noticed along here there is, at the very bottom, the 27th division in the middle. the have the star of orion. they were engaged in another direction. they were part of an offensive going on at the same time as the muse argonne, attacking the canal. >> exactly. the news argon is what we know isamerica -- muse argonne what we thought of a big offensive. this is a key point. for the first time in a war, we have a combined attack of the british, the french, and the americans altogether. some american divisions were fighting under french or british commons, and that was the case for the 27th, for example. and the battle started on the same day almost for everybody. symptom of 26 for the americans here, september 26 for the french for the army growth, and september 27 for the british around the compound. >> why don't we take a wa

purging bit of allow some american troops to fight with the french, including african american troops. here are troops in paris already. it is a parade. from july 4th, american troops will parade here. paris. also in in a cemetery. >> this was a famous saying -- scene. wwi. part of the lore of lafayette forng his help in the american revolution. pershing did not say it. this is a private cemetery in paris. few people go there. but it is very interesting. many who died in the french revolution are buried there. >> could you translate that for us. are they on their way to the front? >> yes. troops onamerican their way to the front." >> >> so this would have been probably maybe early autumn? 1917? >> yeah, probably. they arrived to barracks. the kitchen. looking like east of france already. the beginning, american soldiers, they will be close by line.ont sometimes entering in line but in quite sector. bigon't speak about true offensive in 1917 for the americans. it's more training, training in the u.s. training in france to get more and more experience, will faceen they germans that have

and white american troops but between other colonial troops of color and white americans. throughout 1919, reports came back to the u.s. of white troops run-ins with foreign soldiers of color in both england and france. in san mazir in the spring of 1919, green twice had to duck french mobs furious with americans. in one instance, a white american officer's, quote, profane and violent remarks about a french woman eating lunch with a french man of color set off a riot with angry patrons demolishing the restaurant. french whiters went after all white americans. to get across town safely, green had to flag down a darker skinned member of his company to shield him from angry mobs intent on beating up white americans. every time a french person ran up to them out of the dark, the younger soldier would shout, he no blanco, he may sergeant, or, we black men. so ironically without the young soldier by his side, green might well have died or at least been beat up as a white man. but if the race saved african americans from the wrath of french mobs, it didn't forge strong ties to th

there are some wonderful american memoirs and wonderful american poetry, but many american soldiers kept diaries at the front. it was illegal, but they kept them anyway and they would write down records of their experience. so anybody who has in the audience, who has any of these diaries or letters, i strongly encourage you to take very good care of them because way too many of them are being lost. >> we showed viewers some of the pictures of some of the american cemeteries in france. the estimates are some 40% of those americans who died overseas in world war i stayed in france and were buried there. 60% were brought home to burial. have you ever been to one of those cemeteries? >> yes, i have. in fact, a lot of people don't know that the largest american military cemetery in europe is not at omaha beach, but it's a place called roman which is a world war i cemetery and it's for troops who were killed in 1918 and there are about 14,000 americans buried there of all different backgrounds, denominations including african-americans. to me it's gut wrenching to go there. it's such a beautif

tends to all americans you know white americans asian americans the idea of you know if you're irish or korean or whatever there's a romanticized like connection to where you're from and as african-americans even though our immigration story is vastly different there is a yearning to have that romanticized connection to to africa and that is i think when you get to africa and you now have the reality just i guess the reality if you go to any country that remand the size notion needs to kind of fall away and you have to do the legwork you have to know a lot about the continent the place you're going and all the all that inanimate so that you can fully immerse yourself in and i think he made a good point though for the younger generation when the going over there that's very very prone to have the romanticize ideas of what africa is and the culture shock and then you know the africans actually have to now you know get the americans to come to realize this is what the country is like this is what's happening and i think the sooner we can have a more realistic view of our struggle domest

american indians. and yet, in american daily life, images, advertising, mascots, surround people every single day. the show is about exploring the strange contradiction of how prevalent american indians are in american life really from the earliest memories of americans throughout their life, and yet somehow it was never really noticed much, never seemed is important. the territorial team decided to call this phenomenon "indians everywhere." it's about normalizing what's actually a really weird phenomenon. we looked and we couldn't find any other country in which one ethnic group has been used for so many different purposes for such an extraordinarily long time into the present. you look at the vastness and uniqueness of it, and explore the reasons for why it exists. we have over 300 objects and images of representation for american indians before the country began up to the present. they cover every manner of advertising for every sort of product. we have a handful of major objects that will get a sig

it is the way the american soldier is. the american soldier is still doing it today. he is fighting for everyone else around him to give them freedom. the soldiers died trying to give france back their freedom. i have never had americans tell me this was a waste of money. i have had americans tell me this is what they want to see their taxpayer money go to. none of these men and women got to go home and walk her daughter down the aisle, see their son get married, or sit on a rocking chair on their front porch and die of old age. these people did not do this. they died at a young age for their brothers and sisters around them. when they died, they gave their life to someone else. let's not forget them. can't forget them. 1921, peopler 11, gathered in arlington cemetery for a ceremony honoring the unknown soldier of world war i. >> how did this whole concept of the unknown soldier being honored come about? beginning back to the of the mechanization of warfare that you see expand during world war i. you get a lot more unidentifiable remains. you had a lot in the civil wa

the usmca is a great win for american farmers and american manufacturers. [applause] but china's actions aren't focused solely on influencing our policies and politics. beijing is also taking steps to exploit its economic leverage, and the allure of their large marketplace, to advance its influence over american businesses. beijing now requires american joint ventures that operate in china to establish what they call party organizations within their company, giving the communist party a voice, and perhaps a veto, in hiring and investment decisions. chinese authorities have also threatened u.s. companies that depict taiwan as a distinct geographic entity, or that stray from chinese policy on tibet. beijing compelled delta airlines to publicly apologize for not calling taiwan a province of china on its website. and it pressured marriott to fire a u.s. employee who merely liked a tweet about tibet. and beijing routinely demands that hollywood portray china in a strictly positive light. it punishes studios and producers that don't. beijing's censors are quick t

as americans entered world war ii, state administrators sought to integrate black americans into the cultural apparatus as they had in the 1930s. yet, the treatment of racial issues would unfold under much tighter parameters. wartime cultural officials were created with the explicit goal of boosting black moreale. some war officials understood and sympathized the african-american belief that the war against fascism was also a war against american racism. still, cultural administrators abided by the official line that the war was not a testing ground for social reform. in the 1940s, officials pronounced media based programs as a solution to the "negro problem." a means of securing black support when the possibility of dissent existed. by the onset of world war ii, black expectations ran high. fueled by wartime egalitarian rhetoric and african-american political mobilization. discontent became manifest among black politicians and in the black press. as one letter to roosevelt and the naacp's literary, the crisis, despite your occasions, -- despite year expectations of unity, the 13 mil

these are actual motion pictures of americans ships steaming into havana harbor and american troops landing in cuba. this film was recently released by the laboratories of thomas edison. one of the units fighting with distinction was the 10th calvary . one of the officers fighting with the valor was john j pershing. he was cited for his personal gallantry and his commanding officer said, pershing is the coolest man under fire i ever saw. when the stars and stripes were raised in victory, pershing said it lifted up out of ourselves, it was the soldiers all day maria. the spanish-american war demonstrated his courage but it remained for a subsequent event in the newly acquired philippine islands to bring out his qualities as a diplomat. his assignment was to subdue the tribe. this was following the spanish-american war. pershing, now a captaining when their friendship. an exhibition of military and diplomatic skills that attracted the attention of the authorities in washington. president theodore roosevelt personally applauded his accomplishments and in 1905, while serving as u.s. observer of

a 100% american and a 100% organic. - grown american means exactly what it sounds like. it's grown in america, the greatest country in the world where the streams are clean, where the air is pure. we have some of the best soil in the world. just good, rich, organic, black dirt. grown american superfood was developed to capture the goodness in natural, whole foods and that's exactly what it is. - our prodal go from being a fresh crop out in the field at van drunen family farms into our processing facility in a matter of hours. - grown in america means beat quality. the best service, the best price. this is part of our job, farmers and processors, to get the best product to the customer as we can. - what means the most to me about grown american superfood isn't just that it's organic, but it's organic grown in this country. it's still hard to get home in time to chop, and clean, and cook vegetables for my kids. that's what's great about the grown american superfood is i can sneak healthy, organic vegetables into foods that they already like. this is some macaroni and chees

up next on "american artifacts," a look back at several battles in late may and june of 1918, when americans and french forces trying to stop a german offensive toward paris. to begin this story, we visit the cemetery, the final resting place of almost 2300 americans who died in this region in 1918. this is just under an hour. >> i'm at the cemetery at the battle of belleau wood, france. this is significant for world war i, the american participation. tell me a little bit about what you do here at the cemetery. >> thanks. so, i'm the current superintendent at the cemetery in belleau wood, france. i say to visitors when they walk through the gates here, a lot of people are struck by how beautiful it is and well- maintained it is. a lot of that is true, and a lot of work goes into it but there's a lot of work behind the scenes of what took place to make this site what it is today. i would say depending on how much time we have, and there are several different histories that are interlinked together. i'm going to start backwards, present-day. these sites are maintained by the u.s. government. t

and by educating americans and europeans alike about the deeds and the compliments of american -- deeds and accomplishments of american armed enforcements. during the centennial. , we have reaffirmed our mission -- a war that began the alliance with europe that has continued for the past century. commemoration, today, we are governed here at the american cemetery. this was the first of our overseas american cemeteries. americans gave their lives in the great war to make the world safe for democracy. we stand in this cemetery today and honor the memory of 2000 of these men and women who are buried here were listed on the walls. along with 24 unknown american soldiers of world war ii. in france and all along the western front, american troops were decisive in the allied victory. helping to stop the final enemy offense and turn the tide of battle. and finally, to in the war. it was in the -- and finally, to ended the war. the soldiers were superb. they came to us young and enthusiastic. a vigorousward by ideal belief. they marched to battle. the brave men and women who served in world war

and we will do it with american heart, american hands, and american grit. [applause] pres. trump: we want every american to know the dignity of a hard day's work. we want every child to be safe in their home and night. and we want every citizen to be proud of this land that we all love so much. fromn lift our citizens welfare to work, from dependence to independence, and from poverty to prosperity. [applause] pres. trump: as tax cuts create new jobs, let's invest in workforce development, and let's invest in job training, which we need so badly. [applause] pres. trump: let's open great vocational schools, so our future workers can learn a craft and realize their full potential. [applause] and let's support working families by supporting paid family leave. [applause] pres. trump: as america regains its strength, opportunity must be extended to all citizens. that is why this year we will embark on reforming our prisons, to help former inmates who have served their time get a second chance at life. [applause] pres. trump: struggling communities, especially immigrant communitie

that american leadership lights the way. and today speaking of leadership, allow me to begin by bringing greetings from a great champion of american leadership at home and abroad, i bring greetings from the 45th president of the united states of america, president donald trump. [ applause ] from early in this administration, president trump has made our relationship with china and president xi a priority. on april 6th of last year, president trump welcomed president xi to maur-a-lago. he welcomed him warmly. over the past of two years our president has forged a strong personal relationship with the president of the peoples republic of china and worked closely on common interest. most importantly the denuclearization of the korean peninsula. but i came before you today because the american people need to know as we speak beijing is employing a whole of a government approach, using political and economic to advance influence and benefit influence in the united states. china is also applying this power in more pro-active ways t

heart and american hands and american grit. [ applause ] >>> we want every american to know the dignity of a hard days' work. we want every child to be safe in their home at night, and we want every citizen to be proud of this land that we all love so much. we can lift our citizens from welfare to work, from dependence to independence and from poverty to prosperity. as -- [ applause ] >>> as tax cuts create new jobs, let's invest in work force development and let's invest in job training, which we need so badly. [ applause ] >>> let's open great vocational schools so our future workers can learn a craft and realize their full potential. [ applause ] >>> and let's support working families by supporting paid family leave. [ applause ] >>> as america regains it's strength, opportunity must be extended to all citizens. that is why this year we will embark on reforming our prisons to help former inmates who have served their time get a second chance at life. [ applause ] >>> struggling communities especially immigrant communities will also be helped by immigration policies that focus on the

the native american defeat of the first american army. president leblanc will introduce this is a galloway very -- professor galloway. it is now my pleasure to welcome the 17th president of george washington university. professor leblanc thank you. : i am delighted to join you on this evening to continue the university tradition of honoring george washington with a discussion of his life and legacy on his birthday. i hope there will be cake, later. tonight's lecture is part of a series of events that this year marks the 286 anniversary of george washington's birthday, and the 197th birthday of this university's founding. we are a few years shy of our own bicentennial. this gives us an important opportunity to reflect on the vision our namesake had to establish a university in our nations capital, compelling students to lead and advance the cause of the young american republic. that vision has become our mission. to be a community of learning that serves the public good. we also have the distinct opportunity to delve more deeply into the n

american. ,any didn't want them involved which is a longer discussion. the point is, today we think of religions as being opposed to war. war,is moment, we declare they are largely on board. in some cases, vocal proponents. there were minority groups within the present distance -- protestants that were antiwar. they become conscientious objectors. you can't say that all religion was pro-war. the majority were, that is something that is demonstrative of this larger shift towards a pro-war stance in 1917. we have here a picture of woodrow wilson delivering his address to congress in which he requests a declaration of war. , we interesting because have not had a request for declaration of war since world war ii. the korean war was a u.n. action. vietnam we never declared war. afghanistan and iraq were military authorizations which the president never requested a declaration of war. even though it is not supposed to be a remnant of history, in some ways this is a study of that. to the right is wils

they are not just for muslim americans, they're for all americans. you can come in and get a warm meal right down the street in washington, in my home town, in alabama, in california. i can go anywhere and they open their homes, they open their centers to help everyone. imam muhammad was the first individual to be involved with interfaith activity. i recognize that my neighbor was an orthodox jewish family that i used to go for shabbat dinners and i respected them and i also grew up next to evangelical friends and catholic friends. i give you that point as an example to say that the muslim community isn't all wealthy and successful. there are individuals struggling to meet day-to-day needs and need spiritual support but also need jobs and resources and the community takes that seriously to address those in a balanced fashion. as it relates to racial issues in the muslim community, listen, i could tell you many occasions studying in egypt and morocco, where individuals -- i was watching a video recently where individuals, they may not know the assumpt

it was worn by mexican americans. by african americans, japanese americans. and especially on the west coast, filipino americans as well. white youth, adopted the zoot suit as part of their own sense of style and fashion. it is defined by a number of things. the baggy pants that ballooned out at the thigh and were tapered very closely at the ankle. the pants were something that malcolm little described as quote unquote poonjab pants. they were often accompanied by a coat with long tails flowing from behind. it wasn't uncommon for youth to have a gold or silver watch chain they carried in their pocket and swung as they walked along the streets. the pancake or wide brimmed hat often with a feather stuck in it was not unusual my great uncle tony, the brother of robert alvarez senior, who we watched in the lemon grove incident last week was a zoot suiter. and in fact, here's an interesting footnote. the first time i ever studied and wrote any academic paper about the zoot suit, long before it became a book was when i was in a class here at ucsd in 93 or 94 on the

to american life and culture as a whole. this danger alone should inspire americans to study the bible and its role in the life of the nation. the 19th century historian john wingate thorton described the bible as the great political textbook of the patriots. not an uncommon sentiment that we find in the histories of the 19th century, but here is an interesting statement. comes from a more modern source. some years ago, newsweek magazine reported "the bible has exerted an unrivaled influence on american culture, politics, and social life. historians are discovering that the bible perhaps even more than the constitution is our founding document." that is a stunning statement, and we could have an energetic debate about whether this provocative statement can be defended or not. but clearly, there is an acknowledgment of the profound role that the bible played in the larger culture, the political culture, the legal culture of the american founding era. from the puritan fathers to the founding fathers, americans look to the bibl

certainly, the american plan was implemented in u.s. territors and really anywhere the -- territories and anywhere the u.s. had power. >> [inaudible] >> thank you. >> did everyone hear that? >> imposing decency. it's a really great book, really important book. >> and we're going to end over here. >> hi, thanks. it's been wonderful hearing you. very interesting story. i just wanted to comment because i worked in public health for 30 years, but i also was so intrigued by what you talked about, because i didn't become an academic, but i did my dissertation on the history of a boston hospital, and it reminded me -- i got to look at all this great stuff, and i looked at the early records of the outdoor department. >> 1910. >> outpatient department. and the biggest diagnosis was stds, which isn't surprising. you know, i think a lot of this is sort of a complex interplay of forces. waves of southern eastern european influences and people of other backgrounds. eleanor roosevelt because she and many upper class women, you know, they started nurs

americans saved and budgeted. there was a tremendous interest in household budgeting during the 1920s. they traded and bartered. they traded eggs for a homemade dress, they bartered and traded services amongst each other, sometimes they resorted to stealing. and they went to secondhand stores. they purchased things on the black market. so these are a few of the ways that americans tried to stretch their dollars. it didn't work entirely. there's only so far you could stretch something. americans begin to look for ways to increase their purchasing power, they moved away from trying to:troll -- control price . they took care of the other set up equation which was purchasing power. we tried to get paid more, ford paid five dollars a day which was twice the wages of all other automobile factories, in the 1920s ford changed the wage to six dollars. after the stock market crashed in the economy was in decline, for -- ford raised his wages to seven dollars per day. they laid off workers but those who -- those who are luck

." >> "american artifacts," we travel tracetheastern france to the steps of american soldiers during the spring and summer of 1918. first, a portion of a 1960 u.s. army film that describes the military situation at the time. the germans reached the river and was less than 40 miles from paris. there was the second and third u.s. division to help withstand the onslaught. both divisions responded with spectacular great and success. the third division, wrote one of the most brilliant pages of our military annals. the second division, began pushing the germans back, and u.s. marines fighting with the second division, reclaimed ground in a fierce contest known as the battle of belleau woods. they began pushing the germans back. important ground. >> american history tv visited key monuments, battlefields and cemeteries in northeastern france with historian mitchell yockelson. theegin the story, we began chÂteau thierry monument to learn why u.s. forces were in the region. mitchell: directly behind me is the chÂteau thierry monument. we are on top of hill 204, which means it is 204 meters

americans were very of two minds of african-american military service. when they drafted them, on the one hand some white people were like, my son is not going to war while you stay home and slack off. so actually, african-americans 13%,drafted at roughly despite the fact they only make up about 10% of the population. same thing for immigrants. there was a fear that they would shirk their duties. even though they make up roughly -- i think they ended up being drafted at 18% even though they only make up 15% of the population. so what this demonstrates is the two mindedness. on the one hand, we are going to discriminate against you. on the other hand, there is no way we are not going to make you go to war. what is notable as well is that they are wearing the uniforms. when they were in training camp in the south, they did not wear uniforms because there was a fear it would cause too much disruption among the jim crow probably, which is true, particularly because when many soldiers returned home in uniform, they were targeted with harassment and even lynch

in terms of american attitudes. the soldiers hung around in europe for months waiting to be shipped back home. in that time, they were put in germans and french homes. when they came back, they were not -- there was no great feeling about their experience. most of them didn't fight and spent a long time training. there was very little in the way of celebration, actually. it was in the middle -- there had just been an election, neither the president nor his opposition wanted to give the other side any credit for anything that had happened. and then wilson immediately headed to europe to negotiate. he never took a victory lap. all of this contributed to aiken -- tremendous disillusionment which was heavily compounded and used in what was a bloodied partisan -- metaphorically bloodied, partisan struggle immediately. even without twitter. >> even without twitter. [ laugh ] >> everybody was thinking immediately, what happens after midterm election, what is the next subject? the next subject is the next presidential elect

the americans attacked, all 24 germans defeated germans. they fought americans. they can't give up geography for time. where the rest of the attacks launched, it's almost the attack. but not quite. the americans first, the british and french, belgian french and british and the french attack here. so it overwhelms the attack, overwhelms the different -- the reserves are out-of-the-way. it forces the germans to quit. eisenhower was stuck at gettysburg. he didn't make it there. he did write the books we see today. he walked the terrain, saw post that brought the strategy. you see him in the career on. interesting. that's where the war ends in the red line is a start kickoff point and the 26th of september. you see where we end and that's the 11 november 11:00 o'clock. is a lot of french tank, oftentimes by americans sometimes by french thinkers. the plan is that this is the sector i'll talk about in some detail. here's the music valley and we have them use river that goes through this. the plan is to launch the attack with three american court, this will be the firs

american history tv is only on c-span3. >> up next on american history the centennial of u.s. entry into world war i approaches. over,"ent "america goes a silent film documenting the united states experience in world war i. we provide scholars to provide context and commentary throughout the film, made by the u.s. army signal corps. "america goes over," is one of many silent world war i films that the national archives has restored. this is about one hour. susan: welcome to american history tv, c-span history network. let me introduce mitchell yockelson and allison finkelstein. as people actually see this film, how are these films made at the time and who saw them? mitchell: in the case of the film, it was done by the united states government. it was a compilation of mostly u.s. army signal corps footage by cameramen overseas. the idea was more propaganda to promote what america did, which was help bring the war to a close on the allies' side. susan: it was released after the war was over. how was the propaganda intended by the government at that point in time? allison: this f

we americans will choose a next president. every adult citizen has a role to play in the making of this decision. we will listen to what the candidates say, we will debate their views and our own, and in november, we will vote. i'll still be president next january, but soon after that, the man or woman leading our country will be the one the american people pick this coming november. as i've said, we americans will also be thinking about the future of the world this year. for the same reasons that you will be thinking of it, too. in a few months, general secretary gorbachev and i hope to meet once again, this time in moscow. last month in washington, we signed the intermediate nuclear forces treaty, in which we agreed to eliminate an entire class of u.s. and soviet nuclear weapons. it was a history-making step toward reducing the nuclear arms of both sides. but it was just a beginning. now, in geneva, the soviet and american representatives are discussing a 50% reduction in strategic nuclear weapons. perhaps we can have a trea

interest first state of the union address from american carnage to a new american moment the u.s. president has just finished his first state of the union address to the american people. saw coverage begins right now. good to have you with us u.s. president donald trump have delivered his first state of the union address with the main focus on the economy and immigration trump opened the speech with a call to seek out common ground and he summoned unity and told the nation that there had never been a better time to live the american dream and he also made mention of prison reform shortly before he delivered the address the white house announced that trump and signed an executive order to keep guantanamo bay prison open. president trump also discussed the hopes and fears of the american people alluding to his pledge to make the country great again evelyn. listed one year has passed since i first heard at this podium in this majestic chamber to speak on behalf of the american people and to address their concerns their hopes and their dreams. that night our new administration had alr

but for americans to see american kids dead, american kids wounded, it really had an impact. so, the american people will kind of except the loss of the war from 1965, 1960 six and 1967. starting in 1960 eight, we've witnessed a much more vocal movement hosing the war. these images, which were relatively well-received initially, in time they started to affect the american position of the war in vietnam. these are the big three on the american side. you recognize johnson in the middle, flanked on his left by mcnamara, the secretary of right, dohen on his you ask income as secretary of state. -- the secretary of state. those are the architects of the war in vietnam. those are the individuals who will effectively be blamed, we should say, forgetting the u.s. involved in the vietnam war. again, as we talked about on tuesday, it is unfair to pin all of this on johnson. his predecessors, kennedy, eisenhower, before him, it really made consequential decisions. which i would argue made it almost impossible for johnson to just avoid an increased american commitment in vietnam. technic

, patriots in the american which traces the history of african-americans. and the central question and theme is the degree to which the united states military had served as an important marker for african-americans, and a symbol of citizenship. thel the 14th amendment, question of citizen ship was that of citizenship was widely debated in the united states. in the dred scott decision, it was said that african-americans be citizens, but the two symbols of citizenship that most northerners agreed on was certainly that if you served in the united states military you were a citizen, and if you received a u.s. passport you were a citizen. precedent from that in the revolutionary war, the war of 1812. and william cooper knell documents that. that in amented conference at the massachusetts historical society. ell was huge in convincing theoln to alter emancipation proclamation to call for the arming of blacks in using blacks in the military, recognizing that as a symbol of citizenship. it's a radical shift from the limitary emancipation proclamation, which advocat

now, we want to see even more victories for the american farmer and for the american rancher. here today is senate agriculture committee chairman pat roberts. and i'm looking forward to working with congress to pass the farm bill, on time, so that it delivers for all of you. and i support a bill that includes crop insurance, unless you don't want me to. [cheers] [applause] pres. trump: thank you. i guess you like it. right? good, because if i heard no applause, i'd say, forget it, give it up. now i can't do that. no, we're working hard on the farm bill and i think it's going to go well. we're also moving swiftly to bring hope and prosperity to struggling rural communities. last april, i commissioned a task force to meet with farmers and local communities to find the greatest barriers to rural prosperity. today, this task force is releasing its final report, and i am taking action right at that beautiful table, right out of the hills of tennessee, right there. i'm going to be signing two very important bills. the task force heard from farmers that broadband internet access is a

americans. especially the working class americans because right now when they use the racial. or income students and that's not fair i went to the court at boston federal court and i listened to the defense how they are just you find their racial consideration and everything they said about how i mean students using pencils to practice. our african-american act and you know has certain kind of career goal and this and to all that was evidence that used to justify racial concentration and. racial consideration it's all for the app you can just package the material that you from all there are even then even though that the recycle all that information is already in the applicants package all that is for me is there what they're not saying is that. it actually associates and then if you really i know you want to get in there but i want to play and then i want to bring in a couple of tweets are on our community is this really was brought up in my mind when i heard a couple of phrases from the swan t

first, we visit the aisne-marne american cemetery and hear about the resting place of many of the american soldiers who lost their lives in france during world war i. >> i say, with visitors, when they walk through the gate here, by how beautiful and well- maintained it is. a lot of work goes into it. there is a lot of work that goes on behind the scenes. this site is maintained by the u.s. government, actually the american battle monument commission, an independent agency of the executive branch. there is one american manager on site here. there is another american superintendent who maintains our sister site, here in the area. i think it is important for american visitors to realize this is their taxpayer dollars at work, overseas, to tell what took place here with the memory of the fallen. so again, it is not just the battle of belleau wood. that is what many people are probably surprised to understand. here at the aisne-marne, we are on the battlefield where primary -- where primarily u.s. marine corps engaged in combat. troops continued to fight out in the field to my left ear. the be

the french and americans find the treaty of amity and commerce in 1778 and gives the americans -- gives washington what he just covets which is french naval support along with american ground troops. so the first time that they can try this new alliance out, this new overt alliance out is later on that summer when a french fleet under the command of the french arrive in their gans harbor. - of their gants -- of narragance harbor. and sullivan, one of washington's favorite, from massachusetts, known for his bravery and enthusiasm and is not known for being moderate or temperity. but washington puts him in command of the operations to essentially take back this island thinking that once we have the french fleet and american army, we can go ahead and in a combined operation dislodge the british and loyalists who are here in this town. by the time of their august 1778, they've come up with a plan that will be a combined french bombardment on the city. the americans are expecting not just a bombardment but also the use of french -- the use and support of french troops that are under the fren

in 2018 this is how the american people are organizing. this is how the american people are doing the work of an active citizenry. this is how the american people are speaking truth to power. asking individuals to pay extra to speak out for what they believe in allowing companies to block access to certain ideas, that is and who we are as a country. it's inconsistent with the values of nondiscrimination. net neutrality is the free-speech issue of our time and the well-being of our precious democracy depends on the public having equal unfettered access to the internet. today the united states senate will show its power to heed the call of small businesses who support this congressional resolution and the millions of americans who have sent letters, posted tweets and made calls defending net neutrality. the senate will give another present to the rich and powerful. the senate will either call the example of governors state legislators and attorneys general all over the f country o are fighting to save the internet as well know it or brek his

american exceptionalism. i'm afraid of that but the second question, i am also a lawyer. something i'm quite aware of. what you has been emphasizing is human rights and whether you know where i am from, together in other places. and economic -- it is something, if a caribbean leader was set up tomorrow. others captured -- to create a system in the caribbean or central america in the future. independent nationalism. in ways, in the side. simply not something heat up on that. >> i use the term human rights in a way activists at the time did which is political and civil rights. the activists i look at, the one exception is a segment of people very active on chile, some were formerly members of the communist party but others were more leftist in their orientation and they were criticizing the us, not just for torture and other abuses but broader issues in social and economic rights and the more adair -- narrow definition. that is what we refocused on. in terms of this other question, academics who work on human r

first, we visit the american el flames." first, we visit the american ged flames." first, we visit the american cemetery to hear about the resting place of many of the american soldiers who lost their lives in france during world war i. >> i say with visitors when they walk through the gate here, a lot of people are struck by how beautiful it is and how well maintained it is. all of that is true. but a lot of work goes into it. there's a lot of history behind the scenes of what took place to make this site what it is today. these sites are maintained by u.s. government, actually the american battle monuments commission, an executive agency, independent agency the executive branch. and there's at least one american manager in each of the sites, for instance, here i'm the superintendent here. but i got a neighbor about a 25 minute drive, another american superintendent maintains our sister site in the area with a shared history. but i think it's important for american visitors to realize this is their taxpayer dollars at work, overseas to tell the story of what took p

and americans know what it is. we have to just stop talking about how money and special interests have too much influence in washington and we have to do is being it. -- and we have to do something about it. we have to put a reform agenda out there that aligns with every other agenda that we're presenting. when you go out, when a member of congress goes out and talks to people in their district and talks about the better deal for america, the economic agenda that democrats are putting forward, people want that. they respond to that. they want to see that better deal for our economy. the problem is they look at you and they say, there's no way you can make it happen because the special interests in washington will stop it. and that's why we're saying, we're also going to bring along with that economic message a reform message. to show people that we're serious about fixing this institution. so all the things that we want to see happen and that they want to see happen can actually occur here. that we can get that kin

the war radically alters american politics, the american military, the way americans think about war and talk about war, its cultural, political and rhetorical ramifications are enormo enormous. but i wonder if we don't focus on these effect to the detriment of close and critical examinations about the nature of american military power, its limits, and how american military power shapes strategic preferences in the 21st century. we have to grapple with these questions and until we do, i think the specter of vietnam, the ghost of vietnam lingers and we will continue to operate in the realm of mythology rather than history. [ applause ] >>> well, thank you, panelists, for a very thought-provoking panel. we've got some time left for questions. i was going to start out, but jackie posed all the questions i had on my sheet here. so what we would like to do, ladies and gentlemen, again, please if you have a question, wait for the microphone. hold the microphone close enough so we can be heard. i'll try to recognize you so i can send it to the appropriate panel member. first question. sir.

eight american patriots fell in the line of duty while trying to rescue their fellow americans who were being held hostage in iran. in the wake of that failed mission, america resolved to ensure our joint war fighters would always have the training coordination and leadership they needed to accomplish their missions, and the steps that our nation took in the years that followed paved the way for the creation of the united states special operations command. since that time, this vital combatant command has directed our special operations forces to become the most effective and lethal fighting force in the history of the world. [applause] >> our special operations forces through this unified command have been defending our security and advancing interests as they do to this very hour in every corner of the globe. along those same lines, today's report calls for the creation of a new unified combatant command for space, the united states space command. this new command structure for the physical domain of space led by a four star flag officer will establish unified command-and-control for

the american army. here they're in the u.s. capitol rotunda. that is the lincoln platform , which was a platform that was used to put president lincoln's coffin. host: importantly, that is the president of the united states, warren harding, and mrs. harding laying the ribbon across the casket. mitchell: that is correct. they are representing of course the united states and, ultimately, not to jump ahead to much, but he will give the keynote speech. mitchell: the streets of washington were lined with thousands of folks who waited for the casket to be removed and brought by the honor guard down pennsylvania avenue and then across the bridge into virginia. and i think what i've read is it was one of the largest turnouts for any parade in the city. host: what does that say about the american public at that time? mitchell: well, it says a lot that the american sacrifice was important. that the americans played a significant role during the war and that we lost a tremendous amount of casualties. and the fact

for americans to see american kids dead, american kids wounded had in -- and impact. the american people said the cost of the war from 19 65- 1968. it started with a much more vocal movement opposing the war in vietnam. these are images which were relatively well received initially. and time, it started a theft on the american position vis-@-vis the war in vietnam. these are the big three on the american side. you recognize johnson in the middle. flint on his left by mcnamara. the secretary of defense and on his right, the secretary of state. those are the architects of the war in vietnam. those are the individuals who will effectively be blamed for getting the u.s. involved in the vietnam war. as we talked about on tuesday, it is unfair to pin all of this on johnson. his predecessors, kennedy, eisenhower, before him made consequential decisions, which i would argue made it almost impossible for johnson to just avoid an increased american commitment in vietnam. technically, american combat troops entered vietnam under johnson's watch. in a way, that is the logical cul